MRP under uncertainty: Safety Stock versus Safety Time

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Abstract

The following work proposes the development and application of a materials planning model for the industry of refrigerating drinks. The model is applied to dependent demand in which a Material Requirements Planning (MRP) method is used. The materials planning model is a combination of basic sources of uncertainty that affects MRP system demand and supply uncertainty. The appropriate values of key management parameters used to buffer against uncertainties, safety stock and safety time, are set according to the source of uncertainty. The model performance was tested for historic data and compared with real inventories levels.

1.Introduction

MRP has been proven effective for manufacturing planning and control, although managerial aspects can be improved to enhance the performance of MRP systems (X. Zhao et al., 15).

One of the main advantages of an MRP approach is that inventory systems with dependent demand should not required safety stock below the end-item level. Supposedly, safety stock is not needed because dependent demand systems found the demand directly from production plans once the master schedule has been establish. Practically, however, bottleneck process or one with varying scrap rates can cause shortages in downstream operations. Furthermore, shortages may occur if assumptions of constant replenishment lead time are made (Waters, 1). Random fluctuations in demand occur because of variations of fabrication or assembly times. Likewise, the replenishment lead time often varies due to machine breakdowns, material shortages, or transportation delays in the factory and distribution operations. The way of dealing with these sources of uncertainty in an MRP system is to identify all the activities or operations that are subject to variability and to determine the extend of that variability (Stevenson, 16).

It is well known that the performance of an MRP system depends on the adequacy of the master schedule. MRP system "nervousness" is commonly defined as minor changes in the master schedule or MRP plans for the higher level items (Vollmann, 17). Those changes can propagate downward through the product structure and produce significant changes in the planned order releases for lower level items. Changes can involve the quantity or timing of planned orders and can often cause disruptions in production, insufficient supply of raw materials, or components parts. The combination of the sources of uncertainty with the MRP system "nervousness" implies the use of buffering mechanisms to protect the manager's against uncertainties.

Safety stock and safety time are two basic ways to buffer uncertainty in a MRP system. The first method specifies a quantity of safety stock determined from statistical inventory control techniques. The second, plans order releases earlier than indicated by the requirements plan and schedules their receipt earlier than the required due date.

Whybark and Williams (176) developed a model to show the way in which MRP systems reveal preference for using either safety stock or safety time, depending on the category of uncertainty to be buffered. According to simulation experiments, when exists timing uncertainty the concept of safety time instead of safety stock is preferable. When quantity uncertainty is involved, higher service levels are achieved by use of safety stocks. However, Buzacott (14) concluded that safety time is preferable to safety stock when there is a good forecast of future requirements. He also said that, safety time tends to lose his attractiveness over safety stock if changes of requirements over the lead time occur. Finally, his work indicates that safety stock is preferable to safety time when the master schedule can predict with low effectiveness the future requirements.

In this paper we develop a model for a dependent demand system controlled by a MRP in which are uncertainty and instability effects.

Ballou, Ronald H.; Basic Business LogisticsTransportation, Materials, Management, Physical Distribuition. nd Edition, Prentice Hall. Carolina, 187.

Buzacott, J. A. e J. G.Shanthikumar (14); Safety Stock versus Safety Time in MRP Controlled Productions Systems; Management Science, 40(1), 1678-8

Chase, Richard B; Aquilano, Nicholas J.; Jacobs, F. Robert; Production and Operations Management. International Edition, McGraw-Hill,18.

Christopher, Martin.; Logistics and Supply Chain ManagementStrategies for Reducing Cost and Improving Service. nd Edition, Financial Times Prentice Hall. Carolina, 18.

Clode, David M. (1); A Survey of U.K. Manufacturing control over the past ten years; Production and Inventory Management Journal.

Gaither, Norman. Production and Operations Management. 5th Edition, The Dryden Press. Orlando, 1.

Greene, James H.; Production & Inventory Control Handbook; Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, 187.

Krajewski, Lee J. e Ritzman, Larry P. Operations ManagementStrategy and Analysis. rd Edition, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Massachusetts, 10.

Martinich, Joseph S.. Production and Operations ManagementAn Applied Modern Approach. 1st Edition, John Wiley & Sons. New York, 17.

Newman; William e Sridharan, V. (1); Manufacturing Planning and Control Is there a definitive answer?; Production and Inventory Management Journal.

Patrik, Jonsson; Mattsson, Stig-Arne; The selection and application of material planning methods, Forthcoming in the Production Planning & Control Journal, 000.

Paulino, Gualter; Desenvolvimento e Aplicação de um Modelo de Previsão à Indústria de Bebidas Refrigerantes; Tese de Mestrado, Lisboa, 00.

Plossl, George W.; Production and Inventory Control, Second Edition, Prentice-Hall, 185.

Reis, L. e Paulino, A.; Gestão de Stocks e Compras, Editora Internacional, Lisboa, 14.

Silver, Edward A.; Pyke, David F.; Peterson, Rein; Miltenburg, G. John.. Inventory Management and Production Planning and Scheduling, rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons. New York, 18.

Stock, James R. e Lambert, Douglas M.. Strategic Logistics Management. 4th Edition, Prentice Hall. New Jersey, 000.

Vollmann, Thomas E; Berry, William Lee; Whybark, David C.. Integrated Production and Inventory Management. 1st Edition, McGraw-Hill. New York, 1.

Waters, C. Donald. Inventory control and management. 1st Edition, John Wiley & Sons. Chichester, 1.

Whybark D.C. e Williams J.G. (176); Material Requirements Planning Under Uncertainty; Decision Sciences, Vol. 7, 55-606.

Yano, C. A. (187a); Setting Planned Lead times in Serial Production Systems with Tardiness Costs; Management Science, , 5-106

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Child abuse

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Child abuse is the intentional, unexplainable

infliction of physical, moral, and sexual pain and

suffering on a child. It is caused mainly by parents

Cheap University Papers on child abuse

who were maltreated as children themselves. Causes

also include stress, poverty, and/or unemployment.

There are many cases of abuse, but those such as Elisa

Izquierdo's stand out. Child abuse consists of

various different causes, types, and cases.

There are many causes for child abuse, but some

project over the rest. In some cases children are

mistreated when parents or caretakers have maladaptive

responses to stressful situations or feel powerless.

Searching for relief, they may hit someone with even

less power than them, and these are often children.

Other times it is the result of family problems over

which the abuser has no control. Alcohol was said to

be involved in fourteen percent of the cases of abuse

and in eighteen and a half percent of the cases of

neglect. "Religion, residence in the city or country,

region of the country, and race are all related to

violence in a home." Approximately eighty percent of

the child-abusers were themselves abused as children.

A high percentage of abusing parents feel that they

are legitimately exercising their parental right. The

parents injure their offspring hoping that the child

will change a manner or learn a lesson. They take the

idea of discipline to a brutal degree. In some cases

the parents are simply too young and/or immature to

take good care of their children. There is a higher

percentage rate of mistreatment in families with mixed

religion marriages. Very often it is a recollection

of small pressures that finally make a parent explode.

It is most likely that the abuser is employed only

part-time or is jobless. Retired men and women are

the least likely to harm a child. Most of the abusers

do not suffer any kind of psychiatric illness.

Because children with disabilities create more stress,

they are more likely to be abused. Physical violence

is more common in poor families, families living under

stress or parents who suffered cruelty as children.

Types of abuse also vary. The broad picture includes

only moral, physical and sexual abuse, while in the

narrower picture each of these has its own sub-topics.

The kind of abuse varies depending on the age of the

victim. Infant and pre-school children are more

likely to suffer fractures, burns and bruises. This

is called the "Battered child syndrome" discovered by

C. Henry Kempe. Although school aged or adolescent

females are more likely to suffer from sexual

molestation, there is a recently growing number of

sexual abuse of pre-school and male victims. The

abusers are usually men. Neglect is the "physical or

emotional harm resulting from parents failure to

provide child with adequate food, clothing, shelter,

medical care, education and/or moral training." A

symptom of neglect is underfeeding. The narrower

picture of types of abuse includes unreasonable

physical violence, verbal abuse, failure to provide

proper shelter, foodstuffs, medical treatment or

emotional support, incest, sexual molestation or rape,

and the making of child pornography. Slaps and

spankings are viewed by parents as a part of raising a

child, however childless individuals are more likely

to view slapping and spanking as necessary, normal,

and good. Slaps and spankings are or are not child

abuse depending on the person who views it. Types of

abuse vary incredibly.

There are many cases of abuse. In New York City

approximately two children are killed by abuse per

week. Specific cases include one of a twenty-eight

year old mother who killed her three year old adoptive

son of a fatal beating in Wyandach, Long Island. Also

one of a mother who punished her seven year old son by

placing him in a heated oven. There are thousands of

these cases, but one that really stands out is that of

Elisa Izquierdo. She was conceived in a homeless

shelter and was born in 18 addicted to crack. Elisa

was a favorite pupil at school, and loved by almost

everyone. As soon as she was born she was custody to

her father Gustavo Izquierdo. Gustavo was a wonderful

father until he died of cancer in 1. Elisa's

mother Awilda was a crack addict, whose addiction was

indirectly responsible for her pregnancy. In 10,

she had supposedly given up drugs, married Carlos

Lopez, and settled at a permanent address. Because of

this, Awilda was assigned un-supervised visitation

rights in 11. When Gustavo died, she immediately

filed for permanent custody. Awilda was backed up by

her lawyer from the Legal Aid Society, the City Child

Welfare Association (CWA), and project chance. She

was granted full custody. Carlos beat both Elisa and

Awilda, which helped Awilda go back to drugs. Elisa

began telling people that her mother had locked her in

a closet. The teachers an neighbors started

suspecting abuse when the saw Elisa bruised and having

trouble walking. The CWA was warned various times of

her abuse. The first was the very same day she was

born, February 11, 18. The second was a phone call

from the Montessori principal offering teachers

observation notes. Elisa's public school 6 reported

the matter directly to a deputy director of CWA's

Manhattan field division informing them of her

bruises. When project chance worker noticed it, he

called a caseworker whom never responded. Elisa often

had cuts and bruises on her vagina. "Awilda confessed

of killing Elisa by throwing her head against a

concrete wall. She had made Elisa eat her own feces

and mop the floor with her head. There was no part of

her body that was not cut or bruised." Because

mortuaries have rules for such situations regardless

of the circumstances, the custody of her body went to

her mother.

Child abuse is the intentional use of physical force

or intentional omission of care by a parent or

caretaker that causes a child to be hurt, maimed, or

killed. It is life-threatening violence. Types of

abuse include physical, emotional, and sexual. Causes

for this kind of violence vary greatly. There are many

cases of abuse all over the world. In the United

States there is an estimate of about one million cases

a year.

1

Murray A. Srauss, Richard J. Gelles, and

Suzanne K. Steinmetz. Behind Closed Doors Violence

in the American Family. New York Anchor Books/

Doubleday, 180. pg. 57

"Child Abuse," Microsoft (R) Encarta.

Copyright (C) 14 Microsoft Corporation. Copyright

(C) 14 Funk & Wagnalls Corporation. pg.

David Van Bienna. "Abandoned to her Fate."

Time International, December 11, 15, pg. 4

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Critical consumerism

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How does Dawe's poetry challenge us to be critical of consumerism?

Consumerism is the process of selling, advertising and promoting goods and services. Society tends to become acquisitive, that is, it becomes a desire to acquire and possess goods and services. Consumerism is suggested to be an obsessive consumption of goods because of the 'ism' associated. Bruce Dawe describes the negative aspaects of consumerism in the poems Enter Without So Much As Knocking; Televistas and Americanized.

Dawe expresses Enter Without So Much As Knocking in a negative feature. The title of the poem suggests how consumerism has made itself welcome in society.The poem begins with the birth of a child whose first thing he hears is a consumer show, with host Bobby Dazzler. In this scenario Dawe bases consumerism as the most important thing in one's life in a humourous way by exaggerating that a child hears a game show before his parent's voices. The surname of the host Bobby Dazzler is not a genuine name; Dawe is suggesting that the name was given because of his 'dazzling' ability to dazzle the audience. The title also shows that Bobby Dazzler Entered in the child's life without so much as knocking.

Bobby Dazzler's first line of the show is "Hello, Hello… all you lucky people" suggesting his low interest in the consumers, which also represents today's sellers. Sellers attain no interest to what you purchase as long as you buy something. Dawe also expresses that consumerism has been introduced into this person's life with consumer descriptions of his parents"One economy sized Mum and One Anthony-Squirres Coolstream summerweight Dad". Dawe uses metaphorical descriptions of products to describe his parents, where he also uses the siblings as products "along with two other kids straight off the Department Rack" which suggests that they have been bought off the shelf, just like they have been bought/influenced by consumerism. Dawe continues to add humour by the use of advertising in his poetry, "When Mum…shopping in the good-as-new-station (£45 at Reno's). The aspect of consumerism is expressed in a negative way through this poem showing how the poem is the process of one's life as it follows the "Work, Consume, Die" motto. Our lives are dominated by the 'rules' of consumerism, "BEEP BEEP…No Parking…" This dominance of consumerism is also shown in Televistas.

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The title Televistas can be separated into two different words, tele- meaning television and vista meaning outlook. The word Televistas therefore means television outlook, where the word has been exaggerated to show Dawe's criticism of consumerism. The opening stanza begins with "She was Sanyo-oriented… He was Rank-Arena bred" which describes the background of the characters through the use of metaphorical descriptions of televisions. The meeting of the two characters is from a broken/faulty television, which has lead to the female inviting her male companion. The poem follows a pathos scenario where the two characters meet up because of a faulty television, and then continue their lives watching happy shows like David Nixon Show and Carol Burnett. The poem Televistas also concerns the process of life through the descriptions of television and its use.

Dawe uses the television shows as a symbol of the relationship's status. It begins with Bugs and Daffy, Sylvester and Tweety-pie, which shows how both characters had childish minds and childish ways. As time moved on, shows like Carol Burnett and David Nixon Show"happy shows" indicated the status and position of the relationship, and as it continued on more mature movies and shows were watchedThe Mummy's Hand; Candid Camera; The Many Faces. The fourth stanza of the poem shows the problem, which is experienced in the relationship; Dawe adds irony to it by showing the problem on Candid Camera. The last stanza predicts when they will meet again that is, in the movie World at War, which is also in reference to the determination of the status of the relationship. Dawe's poetry shows his criticism by television shows as processes of life, he expresses this in a humourous way to show tease to consumerism. However, shows that are mentioned in the poem are by the influences of the United States, which is further shown in the poem "Americanized".

The title and word Americanized, shows the influence of America on everything including the author. The British and Australian style of spelling the word is Americanised. In the poem the mother of child is a symbol of the United States showing her dominance as a higher and more intelligent federation. The child is a symbol of a nation, which has been completely dominated by American civilization. The first stanza describes of how the mother loves her child, and how both people are happy in their current position. It shows how a normal mother would treat and raise their child, however as he is bound to leave, his mother will not allow him out "The streets are full of nasty cars and men". This line concerning nasty cars and men may be an indication of how the U.S are rebellious against communism, symbolizing that nasty cars and men is communism.

"'Today,' she tells him, putting on her hat (she's off to nurse an invalid called the World) 'Today, I'll let you play with Mummy's things.'" A mother with an infant child would not leave him alone at home while she aids others. This quote indicates how America raises a country just like a mother raising her child and then leaves without care onto another country. Dawe expresses America's dominance as 'uncaring' and careless. "Toys that mark his short life" shows how products and technology become obsolete compared with America's products. America's /mothers goods are those of American companies like Pepsi-Cola, Spam, Chewing gum, hot dogs, electronic brain. These products are ones, which influence and colonise other 'infant' countries. Dawe expresses this allegorical poem in the same way as a process of life, except he symbolises how American culture is spreading, just like a mother's figure being passed on to her child. He is criticizing consumerism by representing Australia or any nation as the infant and America as the mother.

Dawe shows how he is critical of consumerism through the metaphorical descriptions in the poems Enter without so much knocking, Televistas and Americanized. He expresses his criticism in humourous ways using consumer products and influences as symbols of today's society, symbolizing how TV is a major influence of society in Dawe's day and age. But as technology is excelling till this present day, as described in Americanized, society is becoming more dependent on different and improved mediums from more industrialized nationstoday we are dependent on the internet just like how Dawe's society was dependant on television.

Please note that this sample paper on critical consumerism is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on critical consumerism, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on critical consumerism will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Outline the various route ways by which water from precipitation enters the river channel, and discuss the effect of the relative proportions of these route ways on the river hydrograph?

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Precipitation is formed in five main stores around the world. Snow and ice make up

.% of the worlds water, groundwater 0.6%, soil water 0.01%, water in atmosphere

0.01% and obviously the biggest store being Oceans 7.%. Within this essay I will

Do my essay on Outline the various route ways by which water from precipitation enters the river channel, and discuss the effect of the relative proportions of these route ways on the river hydrograph? CHEAP !

outline the different routes that water from precipitation enters the river channel and

will discuss the effects of this upon a river hydrograph. The essay will state the

various routes and comment on what they will do to a river hydrograph at different

levels storm conditions or drought conditions.

Surface run-off or overland flow is one major route for precipitation to enter the

river channel. When rain is released and hits the ground at storm levels the ground is

saturated and so the soil can take no more and so surface water starts to travel down

the drainage basin to where it can find the river channel. This process can either be

slow under normal precipitation levels or can be very quick under heavy storm

conditions and also if previous rainfall still leaves the soil saturated.

Due to increasing urbanisation this factor of overland flow is becoming an ever

more key role in flooding and very quick efficient discharge of rivers. The presence of

drains, pipe systems and technology designed to allow the rainwater escape as

efficiently as possible. This leads to two distinct changes to river hydrographs, within

natural environments the effects of overland flow on hydrographs is slow as the time

taken for the water to reach the channel is quite considerable as the vegetation and

presence of soils holds the water instead of allowing overland flow to carry it, so the

hydrograph will have a gentle rising limb to show this fact. On the other hand within a

drainage basin where there is a considerable amount of urban growth and developed

land the levels of surface run off will be very high as the impermeable surfaces allow

water to travel over the surface to drains and pipe systems taking the water directly to

the river channel. This will lead to flash floods and the hydrograph will show this as a

very steep rising limb. One such river basin is the Tees river in the north east of

England, as along the course of the river there has been high levels of development

and records have shown a pattern of increasing urbanisation equals more frequent and

larger floods.

Another route way is through flow where rainwater travels down slope through the

soil. This route is slow as much of the water is used by vegetation on the ground so

reducing through floe to the channel. However in areas of deforestation and bare earth

flooding is more likely to occur e.g. "Bangladesh and the removal of trees in Nepal

has resulted in serious flooding as through flow is not hindered by trees and thick

vegetation." (Waugh 10). The result of large amounts of through flow leads to a

very steep hydrograph with both steep rising and falling limbs.

Fig 1. From "geography an integrated approach" (Waugh 10)

Fig 1. Shows the difference in vegetation makes upon the hydrographs, geology and

precipitation are the same in both basins.

Another route is Ground water flow or Base flow this occurs when water enters the

ground through a porous soil or permeable rock but then collects above a surface of

impermeable rock it then can travel laterally as base flow to the rivers main channel.

Base flow can be drained through periods of drought or low periods of precipitation

but must be replaced before any flooding or a rise in the river can occur because when

it is replaced is replaced overland flow and through flow can occur. Base flow on a

hydrograph is slow to respond to individual changes e.g. a storm but instead

represents seasonal changes in precipitation, snow melt, vegetation and

evapotranspiration. Base flow is very important to a river during periods of low

precipitation as it maintains the rivers flow and so the hydrograph will look flattened

when a river is dependant on its base flow.

Fig . Hydrograph to demonstrate a river dependant on base flow (source= own)

There are also secondary routes that can be examined when looking at the routes to

the river channel. Firstly there is through fall where precipitation falls through spaces

in the tree canopy and falls quickly to the ground, this is a effect closely linked to

overland flow and will effect the river levels greatly if the ground is already saturated.

Secondly there is stem flow, a slower movement of water trickling down stems and

branches and there is also drip, when water drips from leaves onto the ground more

relevance to large areas of forest and rain forests. All of the above are closely linked

to overland flow and through flow and have the effect of slowing down a rivers flow

during rain fall and so the hydrographs show a gradual rising limb and a faster falling

limb such hydrographs will be found where river basins are thickly covered with large

amounts of vegetation and trees coniferous forests and rain forests for example.

The three main routes that I have identified are undoubtedly the key routes that

water uses to reach the river channel and the effects of these routes are key to a rivers

survival and can be easily identified when looking at individual or comparing

hydrographs.

Please note that this sample paper on Outline the various route ways by which water from precipitation enters the river channel, and discuss the effect of the relative proportions of these route ways on the river hydrograph? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Outline the various route ways by which water from precipitation enters the river channel, and discuss the effect of the relative proportions of these route ways on the river hydrograph?, we are here to assist you.Your cheap research paperson Outline the various route ways by which water from precipitation enters the river channel, and discuss the effect of the relative proportions of these route ways on the river hydrograph? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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"The Death of Mercutio changes the whole world of the play." Consider the importance of Mercutio in the light of this comment.

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Throughout the play, Mercutio only appears in four scenes yet his existence in the play is very important. Right from the very beginning of the play, Mercutio has a huge influence on the outcome of the play both before and after his death.

Mercutio's character is very important in the scheme of things. As his name suggests, he is volatile and his idea of love is having sex with someone, "A bawd, a bawd, a bawd! So ho!" which is a contrast to the romantic sort of love felt by Romeo. He is also someone who loves partying, he is the one who has an invitation to the Capulets' party in the first place and so is instrumental to the plot as the party is where Romeo and Juliet first meet. Mercutio also loves to fight as becomes clear in Actscene 1 when he provokes a duel with Tybalt against the wish of Romeo. As well as the Nurse, Mercutio adds humour to the play, he continues to joke and pun right up until the moment he realises he is dying, "Ask for me tomorrow, and you shall find me a grave man."

Mercutio first appears in Act 1 Scene 4 where he, Romeo and Benvolio are about to gatecrash Capulet's party. Although Benvolio is eager to get into the party, Romeo is very reluctant and describes himself as having "a soul of lead" due to his unreturned love for Rosaline. Mercutio takes this in his stride "if love be rough with you, be rough with love Prick love for pricking, and you beat love down." and just tells Romeo that if love is getting him down then he should just have sex with someone, again showing Mercutio's idea of love. After this, Romeo tells Mercutio of a dream that he had the night before involving a tragedy to pass and all that Mercutio can bring himself to do is to poke fun at Romeo with a childish myth, "O then I see Queen Mab hath been with you." This shows the friendship between Mercutio and Romeo as even though Romeo is depressed and full of foreboding from his dream, all Mercutio wants to do is cheer him up. With this, Mercutio convinces Romeo to go to the party which is ironic as it leads to the tragic chain of events in which Mercutio's own death is involved.

The next scene in which Mercutio appears is Actscene 1 and this takes place just after the party. Romeo has just met and fallen in love with Juliet and leaves Mercutio and Benvolio to return to the party seeking her. "Can I go forward when my heart is here?" Mercutio calls out to Romeo using much sexual innuendo, "To raise a spirit in his mistress' circle." which again shows the close relationship that Romeo and Mercutio share.

Write my Essay on "The Death of Mercutio changes the whole world of the play." Consider the importance of Mercutio in the light of this comment. for me

Actscene 4 is the scene in which the nurse seeks Romeo and is also very important in demonstrating Mercutio's sense of humour. Before the Nurse arrives Mercutio is teasing Romeo about the fact that he's in love, although this time Romeo is happy as he has fallen in love with Juliet (unknown to Mercutio who thinks that Romeo is still infatuated with Rosaline). Mercutio notices Romeo's change in attitude and remarks upon it, "Why, is not this better now than groaning for love? Now/art thou sociable, now art thou Romeo; now art thou what thou/art," not only does this once again show their relationship but it also tells the audience that Romeo is usually a sociable and nice to be around person, when he is not infatuated with unreturned love. When the Nurse arrives, Mercutio aims all of his jokes and puns at her and they start to become quite rude and sexually orientated, "Two, two a shirt and a smock.", "A bawd, a bawd, a bawd! So ho!", "upon the prick of noon", "An old hare hoar". This most probably added to give the audience a laugh.

Actscene 1 is probably the most important of all the scenes that Mercutio appears in as it the scene of his death. The scene opens with a warning from Benvolio; "the Capels are abroad, And if we meet we shall not scape a brawl" which is casually rejected by Mercutio, who merely passes off Benvolio as a quick tempered quarreller. This is essential to the plot as if he had taken note of Benvolio's advice then again, the tragic chain of events could have been avoided. When finally the Capulet's do arrive, Mercutio just acts cool and indifferent, "By my heel, I care not." When Mercutio learns of Tybalt's challenge, and Romeo refuses to duel with Tybalt, Mercutio shows a great sense of honour towards Romeo by taking his place in the duel and continuouslysticking up for him. When Mercutio comments on Tybalt's swordplay, not only is he poking fun but he is also alerting the audience to the fact that Tybalt is very skilled at fencing. "Good King of Cats, nothing but one of your nine lives that/I mean to make bold withal, and as you shall use me hereafter, dry-beat the rest of the eight." They fight, but Romeo can't watch and comes between the two, holding Mercutio, and Tybalt stabs Mercutio underneath Romeo's arm. Although Mercutio has been badly hurt, he still finds it in him to joke and pun right up until the point where he realises that he is going to die, "Ask for me tomorrow, and you shall find me a grave man." But in the end he realises the inevitable and with almost his last words; "A plague a'both your houses!" he is carried away by Benvolio and dies. The feud between the houses has finally led to a death. This warning is ominous and along with the fact that Mercutio has just died acts as a reminder of the prologue. Mercutio's death is instrumental to the plot as, his extremely close relationship with Romeo fuels Romeo to take revenge on Tybalt.

On several occasions, Mercutio has been instrumental to the plot, but most so through his death, he was probably Romeo's closest and dearest friend. Had Mercutio not been there then there would not have been anyone to help Romeo with his problems, Romeo would not have met Juliet, and he would not have got himself into the fight with Tybalt. But following his death, Romeo's whole world collapses when he takes revenge which is why "The Death of Mercutio changes the whole world of the play."

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A Comparison: A Look At Indigenous People

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Tourism in the twenty first century is a way of communicating tradition and accumulating capital.People travel around the world to see these traditions and different cultures to see the unique nature of different people.Most of the time, this does not come with out a price.As we will see throughout this paper, indigenous cultures as did many other capitalist societies are jumping on the bandwagon per say to achieve a better life.By better life I mean that with the intrusion of money, indigenous people now can buy food and materials instead of having to spend most of their time during the day to hunt or gather such things.I will show examples of this through an article and different texts that we have read over this semester.

The article is called Creating Huaorani Discourse on Tourism, which is by Scott Braman.Scot Braman is a writer for the Cultural Survival Quarterly.The article is about a group of indigenous people located in the Amazon.These people are just in the beginning stages of tourism.What I mean is they are not a capitalist dependant culture, yet.They still hunt and gather to survive.The article is Bramans accounts on tourism with Huaorani.Braman speaks of two different times tourists had vested them during his time there.The first time it was a few Americans who came and went without any problems.They interacted with the huaorani pleasantly.They did not take photos, but instead talked with these people to try and get a sense of how these people lived.

The second tourist group, who were Europeans, didn't quite interact with the Huaorani as well as the Americans.The Europeans wanted a show and a good one at that.They were willing to pay for it.There were disputes over how much which displeased the Huaorani, but they put a show on anyway.The show seemed to be just a group of the huaroani having fun with song and dance, but the Europeans were not impressed.They wanted something more authentic, not as forced.The Europeans were also asking questions on how they deal with the oil companies and the environment issues.

In Bodley, he talks about the affects of tourism in indigenous cultures.Bodely says, ¡§¡Kindigenous peoples are marginalized by tourism¡K' (page 10).What he means by this is that when these tourists come to these indigenous cultures they feel superior to them and make the indigenous feel like they are in some way poor but noble people who were left in the middle of now where.In the Article we two different groups of tourist and how they acted towards the Huaorani.We saw that sometimes the Huaorani were treated as an exhibit and other times they were put on the same level as the tourists.Bodley mentions, ¡§The cultural tourism industry is not entirely negative¡K' (page 11).He also goes on to say that indigenous people can use tourism to help them ¡§¡Kmaintain economic self-sufficiency.'(page11). Even though these people are somewhat being taken advantage, they are also taking advantage of the tourists.

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Another text we read that dealt with tourism was Twisted Histories, altered contexts.In this book we say a group of indigenous people struggle with tourism.They were happy because now they didn't have to hunt for all their food and goods.The money from tourists made them self-sufficient.The struggle was more in how they felt they were treated, or shall we say ¡§marginalized'.They would put on shows and would expect the tourists to join in and sometimes they did, but they mainly just took photos of the Chambri and did not participate.Basically, there was a power struggle where the chambri would try and make the tourists do things and the tourists just wanted to give them money and watch them perform.We can relate this to the Europeans in Bramans article.Not so much that the Huaorani wanted to control the Europeans, but that the Europeans weren't really interested in interacting with the Huaorani.They just wanted to pay and watch.

Tourism does many great things and many negative things to the tourism.As we've been talking in class the passed week or so we have seen that the outside influence on these indigenous people is inevitable.Moderation is the only way to preserve most of these cultures.Tourism has become an essential part to some indigenous cultures, and why not, it is easier and takes up less time then hunting everyday for food.Braman found that the Huaorani are just at the beginning of tourism and even though they are more secluded that more popular place of the Huaorani, such as Noneno, they will soon find that interaction with tourists is inevitably going to increase.

The Huaorani are people that have been represented well by Braman.He made sure that he kept a very middle of the road take on everything that was going on.He portrays them as both warriors and relaxed indigenous people.What I found to most important is that fact that he kept telling the reader about how the Huaorani seemed to be having fun in everything they do.Whether it was doing the show for the Europeans, or going out to hunt.It seemed that everyone in the Huaorani went out to hunt.Not only the men but the women and children came along to.Braman pointed out the fact that the hunt seemed more like a bunch of people laughing screaming and having fun, then furious warriors who were out for blood.

After reading this article I now have a different view on indigenous people.I know that sounds pretty trivial since my view on indigenous people has been changing over the semester, but I saw the Huaorani as smooth and almost charismatic people who seemed to not worry so much about things.The only time I saw a hint up anger or being upset was when they were told they were going to get payed $10, but only got $5 from the Europeans.I saw the same thing with a lot of the other indigenous people we covered.That most of them were having fun and Bodley never really talks about that side of things.Bodley focused more on what people thought of these indigenous people instead of how these indigenous people would be fine whether or not outside influence was there.Tourism if anything just adds another dimension of communication of idea from these indigenous people. I feel that Braman wrote a great article about a group of people who would be very uninteresting to the person who wants the ¡§dirt' per say, but very interesting to the person who just likes to observe.

Braman, Scott. Creating Huaorani Discourse on Tourism.

Cultural Survival Quarterly Issue 5.4. Jan 1, 00.

Bodley, John H. Vistims of Progress.

Mayfield Publishing Co.Fourth edition. 1

Gewertz, Deborah. Errington, Frederick. Twisted Histories,

altered contexts. Representing the Chambri ina world

system.Cambridge University Press.11

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Robotics

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Industrial robot

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Industrial robotics refers to the study, design and use of robots for manufacturing. Applications for industrial robots include welding, painting, assembly, product inspection and testing.

There are a small number of commonly used configurations for industrial automation, including articulated robots (the most common), SCARA robots and gantry robots (a.k.a. Cartesian robots or x-y-z robots).

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Robot actions are determined by programmed routines that specify the direction, speed, and distance of a series of coordinated motions. For more precise guidance, robots are often assisted by machine vision systems acting as the eyes.

History of Industrial Robotics

The first company to produce an industrial robot was Unimation.

In most cases, a machine vision system will use a combination of these processing techniques to perform a complete inspection. A system that reads a barcode may also check a surface for scratches and measure the length and width of a machined component.

Applications of Machine Vision

Machine vision systems are widely used in semiconductor device fabrication; indeed, without machine vision, yields for computer chips would be significantly reduced. Machine vision systems inspect silicon wafers, processor chips, and subcomponents such as resistors and capacitors.

In the automotive industry, machine vision systems are used to guide industrial robots, gauge the fit of stamped metal components, and inspect the surface of the painted vehicle for defects.

Though machine vision techniques were developed for the visible spectrum, the same processing techniques may be applied to images captured using imagers sensitive to other forms of light such as infrared.

Related fields

Machine vision is distinct from computer vision, an academic field of research often classified as a subfield of artificial intelligence. Computer vision extends to topics related to autonomous robotics and machine representation of human vision. Machine vision refers to automated imaging systems used in factories, assembly plants, and other industrial environments.

Industrial Robots.

To cope with shrinking product life cycles, computational methods are needed to reduce the time required to configure assembly lines. One idea is to formally model a small ``vocabulary of parameterized modular components (e.g., robot arms, conveyor belts, flexible part feeders, modular fixtures, light beams, D vision systems) and develop CG-based algorithms to efficiently compile them into an assembly system for a given CAD product model [7]. Here are a few relevant problem areas

1.CONVEX DECOMPOSITION For motion planning, collision checking is currently most efficient for convex polyhedra, so we need better methods for convex decomposition of polyhedra. Algorithms should produce a near-optimal number of convex components. As for other research areas, fast, robust code is needed. Convex decomposition has many applications and is currently a bottleneck. See [] for a survey of current methods and [] for a practical approach to the problem.

.GRASPING AND FIXTURING The goal here is to place contacts - fingers or fixture elements - so as to constrain object motion. This is one of the central problems in robotics. A number of basic questions have been answered, such as the minimum number of contacts sufficientto hold any nonrotational part in form closure (4 in D, 7 for polyhedra) [84][6] but efficient algorithms are still needed. In modular fixturing, where fixture elements are constrained to a regular lattice, recent results suggest a number of open questions about the existence of solutions for classes of fixtures and parts [115][14][154].

When there is uncertainty in part pose or applied forces, minimizing the number of grasp points can be posed as a convex set covering problem. Recently, CG researchers have described efficient and probably practical algorithms for near-optimal grasps. This goes beyond the previous works which either do not consider optimality, or do not allow search over a large space of possible finger placements. If the CG methods pan out in practice, this would be a strong vindication of CG in robotics.

.APPROXIMATION ALGORITHMS FOR GRASP CIRCUIT PLANNING Consider picking up parts as they arrive on a conveyor belt the gripper may have multiple suction cups that must be ``loaded during each pass Given a robot gripper withsuction cups and a collection ofparts, rapidly approximate an optimal path for loading the suction cups and depositing the parts in a pallet. Although this problem can be reduced to TSP, recent approximation results were successfully adapted to this and variations where the points to be visited are moving with known velocity []. Approximation algorithms have rarely been applied to problems in industrial robotics but hold great promise.

4.GEOMETRIC PROBING CAD models are assumed by many algorithms but are often unavailable. Geometric probing can be used to generate such models. Probing hardware includes touch probes, light beams, scanline and raster cameras. Depending on the application and sensor, the probing strategy may compute convex hull, line hull or ray hull. See [14] for a review. More work is needed on online probing strategies that include models of probe and control uncertainty. The problem of probing to minimize error turns out to be dual to grasping, so the algorithms mentioned there are directly relevant.

5.PART ORIENTING Algorithmic approaches to orienting (``feeding) parts for industrial assembly are needed. To be practical and cost effective, feeders must be able to rapidly and repeatedly orient parts at subsecond rates. Current feeders are designed by human trial and error. Complete algorithms are needed to take part geometry as input and generate feeding strategies or feeder hardware specifications as output. A complete algorithm for feeding D parts with algebraic boundaries is described in [14]. More work is needed to design feeders for d parts and to provide accurate mechanical simulation of collisions and statistical behavior of parts arriving in bulk.

6.ASSEMBLY SEQUENCE PLANNING The problem of disassembling a collection of parts has a strong geometric component. For local motions, a disassembly sequence can be found in polynomial time. The worst case running time is, but it is fast in practice [144]. More recently, good worst-case bounds have been given for an important special case where the set of possible disassembly directions is fixed a priori (true for many robotic workcells). The latter methods use lower envelopes and Davenport-Schinzel sequences to efficient find collisions along the disassembly direction. The main limitation so far is the inability to deal with complex motion during disassembly. e.g. a translation and twist motion would not be possible. Extensions of this type, plus the addition of other constraints on the sequence, will make this a rich area for future research.

Please note that this sample paper on robotics is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on robotics, we are here to assist you.Your cheap college paperson robotics will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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