Instituitonal Theory

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The concept of organization serves as a key factor in determining if an organization or company reaches its goals and objective while exemplifying their mission. Nonetheless, there are various theories of organization that can be utilized such as the institutional theory (I.T) of organization. This theory focuses on the environmental factors experienced by an organization such as "external or societal norms, rules, and requirements that an organizations must conform to, in order to receive legitimacy and support" (Shortell and Kalunzy, 000, p.4).The institutional theory depends, heavily, on the social constructs to help define the structure and processes of an organization.

The most basic principle and distinct characteristic to the institutional theory is conformity. Conformity is the meter stick that is used to determine the legitimacy of an organization.The concept of conformity establishes "rational myths" in which it is just "rational" that an organization would incorporate certain social norms, rules, and requirements into it mission and goals (Shortell and Katunky, 000, p.4). In order for an organization to be endorsed as a valid one, it must conform to the "rational myths".For instance, it is "unthinkable for a business school not to have an MBA degree [program] and not teach accounting, strategy and marketing," (Johnson & Greenwood, 00, pp.4-5).In this example, societal expectations and norms dictate the requirements needed to achieve an MBA degree because if accounting, strategy, and marketing was not taught, the program would be viewed as illegitimate.So, the program in an astute effort to obtain legitimacy the program may conform. As a result of conformity, many organizations began to resemble one another because they are faced with the same social pressures (Johnson & Greenwood, 00, pp.44-46).This process is known as isomorphism.Isomorphism has proven to be a beneficial component of the institutional theory because it can offer an alliance between organizations with the same focus (i.e. usually seen in public health through the development of a coalition). Within the case, it is pivotal that Dr. Amayo attempted toconstruct a clear mission statement and concise core values and objectives so that the organization conforms with the norms surrounding a governmental communicable diseases agency and matches the goals of its constitutes(Welton & Cole, 000).However in a slim market, isomorphism may not be beneficial.It may encourage or create competition among similar organizations who are trying to serve that same population or market (Johnson & Greenwood, 00, p.44-45), so one's focus may shift to the competition rather than the service or product.

Despite, the level of conformity presented by the Institutional theory, the theory is quite promising because it bridges the gap between societal views and organization's actions. Management is more aware of social views and opinions and more willing to incorporate societal norms and expectations, rules, regulations, and requirements in its daily operations of an organization.This concept of unifying these two entities environment and management has proven to be the ultimate advantage to theory in addition to isomorphism.Nonetheless, there are a few disadvantages associated with the theory. One disadvantage to the institutional theory is that it places a tremendous amount of constraints on management to conform to the norms, rules, or requirements (Johnson & Greenwood, 00, p.44-46).High level of constraints can prove to be deleterious to the organization because it can inhibit versatility, creativity, and diversity within a particular field (Johnson & Greenwood, 00, p.44-46).Another disadvantage to the theory is the creation of "cookie-cutter" organizations and the legitimacy of organization that are outcast from the "cookie-cutter" format. One example of this is within the arena of academia.For example, Drexel University- School of Public Health is non-traditional school of public health because it utilizes the Problem-Based Learning (P.B.L) format and non-traditional methodology of learning.In my opinion, the legitimacy of the institution was questioned due to the PBL format and non-traditional methodology of learning and may have hindered its acceptance into the world of Public Health.However, this example, also, shows how the skepticism produced by the institutional theory maybe diluted over time with further understanding and the transformation of societal norms whereas PBL has become a more acceptable learning style.It is this concept of legitimacy that oftentimes makes organizations resistant to change in fear of breaking away from the norm because their legitimacy may be challenged (Johnson & Greenwood, 00, p.44-46).Also, within this type of environment, management may have a minimal amount of freedom to make decisions which may hinder the structural process with an organization.

The institutional theory places emphasize on the crossroads of the environmental factors and their influence on organizations and corporations.In the case, we are presented with a Management /Organization Paradigm and Management Operation paradigm, both paradigms incorporates external factors in its framework to demonstrate the validity and importance of external factors in contributing the organization, structure, and legitimacy of a corporation or organization (Welton & Cole, 000, pp.4-5). In the Management Operation Paradigm, the external factors-legal, political, and social which sets the stage for the institutional theory in the paradigm because one can see the direct connection that the external factors plays in the framework of an organization as noted by the flow chart of the paradigm (Welton & Cole, 000, pp.4-5).In addition, the paradigms suggests that the relationship between the mission statement, values, vision, and etc. (see Paradigms in case for other component of organization)and external factors are oscillating components that goes back and forth in the development, structure , and strategic management of an organization (Welton & Cole, 000, pp.4-5).This means that the relationship between both is constantly changing so that one can accommodate the other.

The institutional theory can be a rewarding concept to an organization because its stakeholder, as a whole (society), plays a vital role in determining the legitimacy of an organization, directly, and have much more power in the operations of an organization.Many other theories of organization do not extend the same level of power to its stakeholders in which the stakeholders set the standards.It is for this reason that that the institutional theory is a promising theory, despite its disadvantages.Nevertheless, this theory is not advantageous for every organization but can be determined by a "best fit approach" (Handy, p.107).This approach examines the capability of an organization mission, goals, vision, and strategic plans to the basic principles of a theory in an effort to determine which theory fits best with that particular organization (Handy, p.107).This approach is important because as explained within this paper, the institutional theory can provide a few downfalls that may hinder productivity.

References

Handy, Charles. (1). Understanding Organizations. New York, New York Oxford University Press.

Johnson, Gerry and Greenwood, Royston. Institution Theory Perspective. In Strategic Management a Multi-Perspective Approach. (00). Mark Jenkins and Veronique Ambrosini. (Eds.). New York, NY Palgrave.

Shortell, Stephen & Kaluzny, Arnold. (Eds.). (000).Health Care Management Organization,

Design and Behavior, 4th edition.Albany, NY Delmar Publishers.

Welton, William and Cole, Barry. (00). Understanding Organizational Purpose, Mission, and Accountability Structures within the Context of Operating Environment.Drexel University, School of Public Health. Philadelphia, PA.

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Upon Wedlock and Death of Children

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The word knot refers to a union, both the spiritual union of God and man and the earthly union of man and woman. Man is united with God through faith in Jesus Christ. A man is joined in holy matrimony to a woman through marriage. Here Taylor is not only referencing the love relationship between God and man, but also the relationship between husband and wife.

Paradise alludes to Taylor's knowledge of biblical principal and his belief that all mankind is in need of God's mercy and grace. In Paradise, Adam and Eve represent the earthly union between man and wife, and they had a similar union with God, their creator. Their union with God was broken when they disobeyed God, establishing for all mankind the legacy of a sinful nature. This is one of the foundational truths of a relationship between God and man. Man must rely on God's grace and mercy for eternal salvation because humanity is doomed by its sinful nature without God.

God's promised provision for mankind's salvation is symbolized in the use of the word inamled which is a protective coating (today spelled enameled). God's protection is available to all who believe in the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. However, in Puritan times they believed that salvation was only attainable to a select few whom God had predestined.

The flowres of Graces dress represent both the grace of God and the flowers that adorn the earthly union of marriage, children. Grace is the love or favor of God. Out of his perfect love, God offers his protection to those who trust and have faith in Christ's ultimate sacrifice as atonement for sin. The Puritans believed that grace was necessary to sanctify earthly things.

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The phrase Its Weddens Knot suggests that God sanctifies the joining of man and woman together in the earthly bond of marriage.

Alexanders Sword is a reference to the conqueror Alexander the Great who cut the Gordian knot in the mid-00's B. C. when he learned that in so doing he could be ruler of Asia. The meaning here is that the bond of marriage is a holy union that cannot be destroyed by human strength

Slips, as it is used here, is a rather obscure meaning of the word. It literally means a cutting from a plant, but is used figuratively here to symbolize that children are a blessing from God upon the holy union of marriage. Taylor has laid the foundation of a garden analogy in the first stanza with the references to the Garden of Eden and flowers of grace. He will define it more clearly in the second stanza

Before Taylor describes the garden, he uses this phrase Hellish breath to signal to the reader that nothing is ever perfect. Satan, the power of hell, is always present to cause trials for mankind. The reader is left questioning the purpose of this line at this point in the poem.

Taylor begins painting a beautiful picture for the reader of a garden where the flowers, or children, blow or bloom. In lines 10 through 1 the reader can see the beautiful colors, smell the fragrance, and hear the melodious happiness in the garden of Taylor's life.

In the use of the word Stock Taylor means that out of the physical union of marriage his descendants are created.

The manly flower is Taylor's first born son, Samuel Taylor, born August 7, 1675, who survived to maturity.

The Sweet breathd mate is Taylor's second child, a daughter, Elizabeth Taylor, born December 7, 1676, who died on December 5, 1677.

The word tother is from an obsolete Middle English contraction meaning the other. This line seems to reference the two knots, both spiritual and physical. The first refers to the spiritual union between God and Taylor, and the second his earthly marriage. Taylor's marriage on earth made possible the births of his children, while the spiritual union between God and mankind makes man's very existence possible .

The Checkling Smiles fought or perhaps competing smiles is used in two contexts. The double meaning involves Taylor filling the role as the father of his child and as the child of God. The joy of having a heavenly Father and the joy of being an earthly father compete with one another. The reader can picture the smiles of a father and child cooing nose to nose.

But oh! strikes a new tone to the poem, and tells the reader that the question of impending doom is about to be answered. In the lines that follow Taylor continues the garden analogy to tell of the death of one of his children and the pain he suffered to deal with.

It is evident in Taylor's use of hand from glory came that he immediately looked upon the tragedy as God's will, but his pain is evident in the lines that follow.

Using the analogous garden picture, the words almost tore the root up describes the pain as being so severe that Taylor thought he himself would die.

In Pray're to Christ perfum'de shows Taylor dependence on God in dealing with this tragic death. Prayer is a form of communication with God, and is commonly referred to as a fragrant perfume to Christ in biblical text.

The phrase to heaven tend can mean Taylor believes either his deceased daughter or his prayers ascended to heaven. This unexpected grief takes its toll on the tie that binds Taylor to God, but he resolves to give the babe up to heaven in prayer.

This fifth stanza reveals the pivotal reality of how Taylor reconciles his relationship with God. Christ, who is resurrected to eternal life in heaven, has made the way for Taylor's daughter to follow him.Stanzas five and seven of Taylors poem, Upon Wedlock and the Death of Children, was published by Mathers son, Cotton. This is the only known publication of Taylors work in his lifetime, and was probably done so without his consent or knowledge.

The word Choice is Taylor's way of saying he believes that his daughter was predestined to be a beautiful flower for Christ in heaven.

Taylor's reliance on prayer and faith in God's will has eased his feelings of grief, and his attitude has changed to feelings of thanksgiving. From his contemplation, he feels that somehow the premature passing of his daughter is a pledg from God that he himself will someday live eternally in heaven.

Taylor, restored by God's revelation, prayerfully is blessed with another manly flower. James Taylor is born on October 1, 1678 and lives to maturity.

The words another, Sweet brake out, signals the birth of his fourth child. A daughter, Abigail Taylor, is born on August 6, 1681.

When Taylor writes, soon got away, he means the Abigail died on August , 168. He goes on to tell of a slow, agonizing death that once again tried his faith .

The sorrow at the loss of his second child is not any easier for Taylor to deal with. He says the normal human reaction, or nature, would be to find fault with God, but because of his deep religious faith he cannot.

Taylor describes the will of God as my Spell Charm, Joy & Gem. Taylor resolves, once again, to accept God's will, but this time with a more solemn revelation.

Taylor speaking to God says, take, Lord, they're thine. He now understands that the children were not really his in the first place, but God's own creation given to him as a blessing. He is resigned not to question any longer, which further illustrates the strength of his spiritual relationship with God.

Taylor concludes by restating his former reflection on the deaths as his way of passing to heaven in bits and pieces. He makes a choice to live his earthly life with joy, planting flowers for heaven or earth, by trusting in the will of God. This irony of death can only be explained by the author's faith and trust in God. Taylor's struggle to find meaning in the trials of his life brought him to a greater understanding of God's purposes in this world. Taylor's intensely personal trial results in his reliance on the omnipotence of God in all circumstances.

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Psychology of the mind

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His style is normally focused on the general public.The messages that he tends to create are for those people that have a concern for the world today, and how to make it a better place.In order to read the book, he made it so you would need at least a high school education.Most of the message portrayed in this book was for those that have an interest of the effect of the I.Q. score, and the judgment of if this is a valid to judge people on that basis.Through a personal opinion, I do feel as if the work is scholarly, and you can tell that the other has a strong background on psychology.He starts off the book in a narrative perspective and takes these narratives and forms an imaginative picture for the reader to obtain a clearer understanding of his message.He gives out points to his message, and than use real occurrences to support his point, theory or phenomenon, than he returns back to his theory and encourages the reader to believe what he says is true.In the word choice that he uses he tend to use a good variation of vocabulary, but he also tries not to go to over board, so that the book can be a clearer reading.Even though the book tend to drag in the beginning, as you follow through the reading it started to pick up the pace and give a more enjoyable pace towards the read.

His style of writing was more towards the popular psychology.He took instances and analyzed it.He tried to define why some occurrences followed a certain way supporting what he believes.The book itself was a non-fiction, self-help target, made to encourage a world of a higher intelligent view which you normally don't obtain from school.

Underlying issues of psychology

The author identifies and defines the many categories that people fall into with regards to psychology.He discusses why those people are prone to that psychological behavior, factors that attribute to that behavior, and possible solutions to remedy that sort of behavior.The behaviors include aggression, depression, shyness, and emotional apathy.As well as describing the factors that cause these emotions, the author discusses the brain activity of these emotions as well.Neural hijackings refer to the event when a reaction takes place before the neocortex, or the thinking brain, has a chance to grasp what is going on.In layman's terms, this means when someone "jumps the gun".An example of a neural hijacking would be when a kleptomaniac is in a store and has the sudden urge to steal.The person may well know the dire consequences of his actions, but the urge to steal would be almost instinctive and that person would just steal without a second thought.In the brain, "neural hijacking" occurs when messages are sent straight to the amygdala.The amygdala is the part of the brain that specializes in emotional matters.Children with autism are essentially emotion free; hence their amygdala is malformed or non-existent.Life without the amygdala is like a life without personal meaning.The working of the amygdala and the neocortex form the basis of what is known as emotional intelligence.

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Another issue that this book states is the issue of academic and emotional intelligence.Academic intelligence is largely measured with an IQ test or other standardized tests.Emotional intelligence is measured in terms of how people identify with emotions of their own and the emotions of others. Academic intelligence is very limited.The IQ way of thinking states that either you are born smart or you're not.However, studies show that academic intelligence does not guarantee that you will be successful in life.A person with a high IQ, but low emotional intelligence generally is less successful than people with moderate IQ and high emotional intelligence.

The author also stresses that teaching students the fundamentals at school such as mathematics and reading will not ensure them to be successful in the future.Although these subjects will surely help in their studies, more must be done to ensure success.As well as the fundamentals, the author believes that interpersonal and intrapersonal skills should be taught.These skills involve the ability for students to work together efficiently, as a team rather than individuals.These lessons in social interaction will surely play a major factor in whether these students will be successful in the future.

Flow is a trance-like state period of peak performance.A person in flow is demonstrating the best of their abilities in a certain field, be it sports or academics.A basketball player experiencing flow can consistently make shots, and a student experiencing flow while studying can come up with solutions to various problems quickly.Being able to enter flow is emotional intelligence at its best.

Another issue that this book identifies is the ability and the inability to restrain emotional excess, the book states that extreme emotions such as immobilizing depression or extreme rage should be avoided and appropriate emotion should be focused on.Ways to deal with this anger is also discussed, with such techniques such as cooling down, exercising, and self awareness.

Another major issue discussed pertaining emotions is worrying.Technically, the task of worrying is to come up with solutions for future hardships by anticipating dangers before they happen.Although this can be a good thing, chronic worrying can get in the way with life, or even destroy it.Worrying too much can lead to a feeling of helplessness, and in turn these feelings can lead to depression.Methods to control this worry are discussed such as being aware of the worry and questioning it.

The most important concept and issue discussed in this book is the ability to empathize with others.Empathy is the ability to know how another person feels, and this ability is at the basic root of all interpersonal skills.For example, when a baby cries, another baby will begin to cry.The other baby doesn't cry because of its own troubles, but because it hears the other baby in distress.This case of empathy is apparent in infancy.The inability to empathize with others can be disastrous to a person and their surroundings.Serial rapists, child molesters, and other violent criminals all share the common trait of the inability to empathize.This disorder can be characterized with the term psychopathy.Psychopaths have the incapacity to feel empathy of compassion, so that's why they do the horrible things that they do.

Emotional intelligence plays a major factor between the relationship between a man and a woman.Studies show that women are more vocal about their worries, while men tend to not discuss them.An early warning sign of a troubled marriage is harsh criticism.Partners generally tend to think that they are the victims of the situation, so they justify their criticism with this reasoning.These back and forth exchanges of insults can build anger and hurt.Eventually, this kind of marriage will almost always lead to divorce.The lack of empathy in a relationship will certainly not work out, since each partner will be selfish and tend to their own wants or leads.In order to overcome this barrier, communication is the key.

Studies show that emotions can be linked to disease.Emotions cannot necessarily cause or cure disease, but it can be a factor in acquiring the disease or help preventing it.For example, a body under stress is more susceptible to a cold or the flu.Another example is that being angry can cause a rise in blood pressure, therefore being harmful to the heart.Also, being depressed can amplify the damaging effects of a disease.Having no hope puts a patient at a higher risk of becoming totally vulnerable to the disease.

The ways a parent raises a child is crucial to the emotional and psychological well-being of their children.Aggressive behavior in children is most likely passed down from their parents.Ignoring a child or being especially vindictive when punishing them can really damage a growing child's mental formation.

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Laundry 101

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I remember my father teaching me how to wash my clothes when I was little.Many college students today learn to do laundry when they move out and attend college, which is a great disadvantage for them.I have actually known people, who would repeatedly wear the same clothes until they were toxic to your health, and then they would go out and buy new clothes in lieu of doing their own laundry.There are numerous steps in this processsorting, picking your detergents and their aides, drying and ironing if need be.Here is a quick guide to doing laundry that I have picked up along the years from my many challenges and experiences.

Always read the tags on the articles of clothing.Nowadays there are a lot of items out there that are labeled "dry clean only".Washing and drying them can ruin them.Cotton can shrink and those nice little beaded appliqus can be lost.Read the directions on the tags, especially when in doubt.

Sorting is indeed the next best piece of advice I can give you.You will find out firsthand when you wash that really bright red shirt in with a load of whites.Then try explaining why all your items have a pinkish tint to them.There are several piles you want to form.One is for your fine delicates that have to be hand washed.The hand washing can be done in the sink.Just remember never to wring out the fabrics because that will ruin them.Next, remove all the towels and other bed linens.Wash them together; bleach might be needed for these items.If you have new towels or bed linens, it would be advisable to wash them separately for they can bleed the first couple of washings.After you have pulled out all these items, you want to separate the whites, reds, other darks, and your light clothing.Whites you can bleach.Lights are those whites you cannot bleach and light-colored items that must be kept separate from darks.Darks are darkly or boldly colored items.Lights and darks are washed the same way, but without bleach.The reason you want to separate them is to keep the dyes that may bleed from the dark clothes off the light clothes.The other is the lint factor.You do not want the dark lint on your light clothes and vice-versa.As for our friendly red clothing, seeing as they are notorious for bleeding, your best bet would be just to wash them alone.The final step in sorting is to look through your clothing and check for rips, runs, pulls, and anything else that needs attention before hand.If you place something that is damaged into the washer and dryer, chances are that when they come out they shall be even worse then before.So mend and correct everything before washing.Oh, I almost forgot, check all your pockets.You do not want something to stay in there that should not be.

Now that we have all the sorting out of the way, the next important step would be which products you are going to use.There are several out on the market to pick from.There is detergent, fabric softener, bleach, boosters, and many other items that help with in certain areas.Lets break this down.

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Detergents

The only advice I have on this is always use the liquid, and not the powder.The powders need to dissolve first, and are messy.Liquid detergents can also do double-duty as they can be used as a pre-treatment for stains.

Fabric Softeners

Use fabric softener if you want, but I never noticed it making much of a difference.It is suppose to help by masking the roughness, reduces the static build-up, and several other things.The only thing I have noticed is that it reduces the absorbency of towels and leaves a dull gray film on everything over time.This choice is yours.You can do without it.

Bleach

There are two kinds of bleaches oxygen and chlorine.Both work by oxidation.Basically all that means is that it burns the color out of the clothing, whether it is a stain, soil, or build-up.It will even remove the color out of your clothing if used on non-white apparel.It is a very harsh process and tends to ruin and breakdown the clothing over time.Oh, another word of advice, NEVER mix chlorine bleach with ammonia, and never mix products that contain these chemicals.

Boosters

There are several different kinds of boosters, also.Washing soda, borax, and baking soda may all be used as detergent boosters.They work mainly by conditioning the water to optimize the detergent's effectiveness.They do not actually do any cleaning themselves, and are not a substitute for detergent.

Now its time to take all the knowledge acquired, and get to work.There are two kinds of washers to work with top loading and front-loaders.If it is all possible, use the top-loading machines.They have better agitation.Front-loading washing machines use less water and do not clean as well.Once you have selected the water temperature, water level, and cycle, turn the machine on and let the water fill the machine.Usually people use hot water for whites, cold water for things that bleed and your delicates, and warm water for everything else, but please read the tags just to make sure.Make sure the water level comes just about the level of the clothes when they are placed loosely in the machine.While the machine is filling, now is the time to add the detergent.If you were also using a booster, now would be the time to add this also.The reason why you are adding it now before you add the clothes is so that the detergent can dissolve, and so that the detergent in the water is getting a head start on cleaning.After the water is full, if you are using bleach, add that also now, before the clothes.After all the detergents and aides are in and the washer is full of water, now is the time for you to add the clothes.Drop them in loosely.Never pack or overfill the washer.Your clothes will not get washed properly.Do not forget the fabric softener after all your clothes are loaded.

Your clothes are nice and clean now, time to dry them.Most people prefer to use a tumble dryer, but I insist on just letting them hang dry.There are pros and cons for both.You must decide on this.With the tumble dryer, it is better to use a longer cycle than higher heat.You also want to avoid drying items like sneakers, items with glued trim, plastic or rubber trim, or some items with "puffy" trim.These items may melt and even mess up your other clothes.Check your items as you are putting them in the dryer, also.If they are still stained or soiled, do not put them in the dryer.The heat from the dryer will set the stain.Once the clothes are done with their cycle in the tumbler dryer, remove them promptly, while warm and either fold them or hang them up.You do not want them to cool in the dryer cause that will cause them to wrinkle really bad and then you have to take an extra step of ironing or pressing your clothes.As with hang drying them, the clothes do come out a little stiff and rough, but they tend to last longer and the colors do not tend to fade.The tumble dryer beats and rubs your clothes literally to pieces against each other and against the dryer tub for up to a half hour at a time. Small pieces of fiber are broken and thrown off or rubbed off the garment.

The last and final step of washing your laundry is the ironing or pressing of the clothes.This is not a step that you can learn from reading.It is more of an art.There are several issues when talking about this like dampening, steaming, heat settings, fabrics, pressure, order, proper folding, treating pleats, and so on.I would just recommend that you by casual clothes, a lot easier to maintain.If you have something that needs to get pressed, I would suggest for you to just take it to get done professionally.This way you know it will be done correctly.That is not an excuse not to learn how to iron, because every now and then, something just might need a little touch up here and there.If something does need a touch up, you can spritz it with water and hang it dry; the wrinkle will pull itself out with a little help from gravity.

Through my years of doing my fear share of laundry, those are the little tips that I have learned.Laundry is nothing to fair.It will never get the best of you.So have fun with it.

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THe National Question

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It has been said that all philosophy stems from Plato, the same extrapolation can hold true for the majority of Greek contributions.Aristotle created the system of classification and began a vicious, yet useful cycle of categorizing the environment, our selves and fellow human beings included.This tendency of dividing and sub-dividing has morphed into racial, religious, and regional identification.The innate need to identify with a group is an integral part of societal life.Furthermore, the concept of classification and its' subsequent popularity results in private, public, and even global labeling.Terminology such as first and third world nation implies a grand scale of status and power.These international definitions have a significant effect on national morale.Nationalism is an idea intrinsically bound by the magnetic pull between economics, politics, society and culture.

The echoes of nationalism are not only heard on the battlefield, but they resonate through the opera hall, the stadium, and in the stock market pit.It is a feeling and a concept that has infiltrated each man's awareness since the term was coined during the Enlightenment.A basic fact that spurred the popularity of representative government went hand in hand with nationalismpeople are power.Regardless, of the political format any ruler will admit that citizens contain clout in masses.A sense of unity instilled in the public can be perilous or profitable depending upon the circumstance.The nature of nationalism is consistently in flux and has proved to have dynamic effects on countries and governments.

The power of nationalism has manifested itself in three imperative physical political actionsIndependence movements, external wars, and internal revolutions.The diplomatic genius Otto Bismarck was able to harness this power in order to unify Germany as a state and later to augment support of the Franco-Prussian war and his numerous colonization attempts. At this time nationalism was fairly young in its' existence and was fervently infecting peoples of sundry descents to rally behind one country.Independent of popular support government cannot successfully achieve any of its' goals.The clich stands true-- 'majority rules'.In the case of European unification movements in the 18th and 1th centuries it was necessary to use common ground such as language, skin color, and heritage to override the distinctions in culture from one tribe or village to another. The direct relationship between people and power implied that the greater the number of individuals who could be symbolized by one banner, the greater the state's potential for hegemony.

The attainment of military hegemony through sheer numbers, prior to the Industrial revolution's late impact on the war industry, enabled one nation to assert its domination over a multitude of peoples.The carved continent of Africa was a victim of the former.However, economic prowess determined the distribution of wealth and land between European nations at the Congress of Vienna.Nationalism has been a vital tool in the creation of nation-states, the ability to coerce a people into war, and in projecting an image of strength to other nations.

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In the game of international politics, the constant grapple for power between strong and weak states is inevitable.The sultan of Saudi Arabia is the richest man on earth, yet his nation is not even ranked in the G-5.Wealth is clearly a factor of a state's strength but it does not engulf all the attributes necessary to be a power player.Economic, political, and social stability all contribute to the influence accumulated by one nation.If a nation is consistently in the throws of one revolution or another, such as the Slavic nations of Eastern Europe, the international community finds it impossible to look on these people as an example for national aspiration or a potential threat as is the dichotomy faced by supreme states.

In order to maintain a position of status, a nation must possess not only diplomatic diligence coupled with monetary manipulation, but they must enjoy the confidence of military supremacy to support the dictates of the state.This unique balance of power is rare in political history, it has occurred in Elizabethan England, Nazi Germany and present day in the good old U.S. of A.

Social Darwinism is not a theory it is a fact, each of these empires had a common enemy, a common language, and a brand of idealistic doctrine.These factors are not secondary requirements for maintaining a powerful state.The classic money, military, and men trio applies to global affairs.However the former trio is key to maintain the emotion of nationalism in the public. In England the doctrine was God and the Queen, and the enemy was the Protestant and anyone of a foreign land.In Germany the doctrine was strength, unity, and equality only to be achieved with the eradication of the Jewish population. In the United States the doctrine is democracy and freedom for all, the enemy has been black, fascist, red, and currently the elusive Taliban.

In the case of the Soviet Union and the United States (depending which side of the Atlantic you're gazing from) both nations were strong but one was 'good' and the other deemed 'bad' according to the opposing political ideologies.The Cold War was an interesting time period because the power and the morals were divided relatively equally, but the coy countries never crossed the boundary of territorial threats, hence the stalemate.However, generally speaking good is determined to be whether or not a nation's government and economy meet the norm.Currently this would mean a representative government matched with a mixed economy.Not because this is necessarily the most efficient or benevolent form of running a state but because with the dissolution of the Soviet Union only one feasible option remained for national success.

The conversion of Russia and its former satellite states to capitalist democratic republics has caused a tidal wave of economic and political woes.Independent of the rubles persistent depreciation, territories the U.S.S.R. was able to unite under the hammer and sickle with a party identity fell into violent and bloody wars.Russia has dealt with it's own economic conversion and re-establishing a stable government, while tackling regional disputes with areas like Chesnyia.The fall of the empire rekindled World War II dreams of self-determination for Slavic peoples.

Regional and ethnic conflict completely obliterated former Yugoslavia.For the last decade Serbs and Croats have persisted in their battle for independent states.A fight over custom, tradition, heritage, and religion, which has embittered the two for hundreds of years, is unlikely to find an easy resolution.Conflicts of this nature impose a strain as great as full-scale revolution on nation states.National morale is greatly devastated, because a common enemy cannot be created out of one's own people without a threat to the nation as a whole.Business confidence crashes and leaves a gaping wound in the economy.Military resources are wasted on national preservation instead of protection.In the event of one ethnic success an inevitable chain reaction would begin.The chaotic map of Eastern Europe is a clear example of the perilous possibility of nation states degenerating into mini-nations, similar to Greek city-states.

The Greeks self identified just as much as the Romans without symbols and empires to hide behind, concepts and culture were sufficient.The parallel between twentieth century America and the Roman Empire has been drawn a million times.In a period when nationalism rears its' head to unify some and isolate others , computers cross borders but not bedrooms, and war reaches the ear of men on every continent, will national pride be relevant?The public is urged to accept new roles as members of the global economy, sometimes quaintly dubbed community.One can only hypothesize, that this slogan serves as a precursor for a rediscovery of communal life and ethnic identities.Melting pots are in the minority.

The National Question

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Ethica decision making

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Everyday we are face with countless decisions to make. Two skills that we use to help us make decisions in life are critical thinking and decision making. To improve in the process of making decisions we have to learn about what is critical thinking, what is decision making, how they relate to each other, and the way we can improve on each of these skills and implement them into our lives.

Critical thinking is a persons ability to rationally evaluate their world, searching for understanding of ideas and theories. In order to think critically, we must learn to completely evaluate new ideas that are constantly being presented to us. This really is the ability to understand ourselves better.

Critical thinking is the use of those cognitive skills or strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome. It is used to describe thinking that is purposeful, reasoned and goal directed - the kind of thinking involved in solving problems, formulating inferences, calculating likelihood's, and making decisions when the thinker is using skills that are thoughtful and effective for the particular context and type of thinking task. Critical thinking also involves evaluating the thinking process - the reasoning that went into the conclusion weve arrived at the kinds of factors considered in making a decision. Critical thinking is sometimes called directed thinking because it focuses on a desired outcome.

Broadly speaking, critical thinking is concerned with reason, intellectual honesty, and open-mindedness, as opposed too emotionalism, intellectual laziness, and closed-mindedness. Thus, critical thinking involves following evidence where it leads; considering all possibilities; relying on reason rather than emotion; being precise; considering a variety of possible viewpoints and explanations; weighing the effects of motives and biases; being concerned more with finding the truth than with being right; not rejecting unpopular views out of hand; being aware of ones own prejudices and biases, and not allowing them to sway ones judgment. Critical thinking is the ability to think for ones self and reliably and responsibly make those decisions that affect ones life. Critical thinking is also critical inquiry, so such critical thinkers investigate problems, ask questions, pose new answers that challenge the status quo, discover new information that can be used for good or ill, question authorities and traditional beliefs, challenge received dogmas and doctrines, and often end up possessing power in society greater than their numbers. It may be that a workable society or culture can tolerate only a small number of critical thinkers, that learning, internalizing, and practicing scientific and critical thinking is discouraged. Most people are followers of authority most do not question, are not curious, and do not challenge authority figures who claim special knowledge or insight. Most people, therefore, do not think for themselves, but rely on others to think for them. Most people indulge in wishful, hopeful, and emotional thinking, believing that what they believe is true because they wish it, hope it, or feel it to be true. Most people, therefore, do not think critically.

Critical thinking has many components. Life can be described as a sequence of problems that each individual must solve for ones self. Critical thinking skills are nothing more than problem solving skills that result in reliable knowledge. Humans constantly process information. Critical thinking is the practice of processing this information in the most skillful, accurate, and rigorous manner possible, in such a way that it leads to the most reliable, logical, and trustworthy conclusions, upon which one can make responsible decisions about ones life, behavior, and actions with full knowledge of assumptions and consequences of those decisions.

Decision making is the study of identifying and choosing alternatives based on the values and preferences of the decision maker. Making a decision implies that there are alternative choices to be considered, and in such a case we want not only to identify as many of these alternatives as possible but to choose the one that best fits with our goals, desires, lifestyle, values, and so on.

Decision making is the process of sufficiently reducing uncertainty and doubt about alternatives to allow a reasonable choice to be made from among them. This definition stresses the information gathering function of decision making. It should be noted here that uncertainty is reduced rather than eliminated. Very few decisions are made with absolute certainty because complete knowledge about all the alternatives is seldom possible. Thus, every decision involves a certain amount of risk.

Any curriculum that attempts to improve people's decision-making capabilities needs to begin by recognizing the personal empowerment that comes from simply realizing that a choice can be made and actively defining a decision perspective. This requires that people be taught to distinguish between modes of decision thinking and automatic thinking

Critical thinking and decision making might be different in some ways yet they do relate to each other. By learning how they relate to each other helps us understand which one we should use to make the best decision. I feel that the processes of each thinking skill have similarities which make them relate to each other. For example, critical thinking and decision making requires a person to look at all the possible choices. Now what is differing is that critical thinking involves for a person to question the choices and in decision making a person must identify the different choices. The process is different but each requires that there be some way of eliminating the choices that will lead you to a good decision.

Improve On Each of These Skills and Implement Them

Creative thinking is thinking patterned in a way that leads to decision making results. ... The ultimate criterion for creativity is output. We call a person creative when that person consistently gets creative results, meaning, roughly speaking, original and otherwise appropriate results by the criteria of the domain in question.

The benefit of being acritical thinker has an attitude--an attitude of desiring to avoid nonsense, to find the truth and to discover the best action. Its an attitude that rejects intuiting the truth in favor of demanding reasons. Learning about critical thinking and decision making allows for us to improve on each of these skills and implement them into our lives. I feel that if a person learns how to ask the right questions when faced with any decision it will be easier to make important decisions in their life. Also by knowing how to identify different choices gives a person many options to choose from and base their decision in what will be the best outcome in their life. Personally I know I become more of a critical thinker because I have been learning the processes through my therapy sessions. I use to not think of what my decisions were and based it solely on what I knew rather than what I wanted to know and how it will affect my life. I find myself still using decision making for small day to day decisions but for decisions that will have great consequences I tend to use critical thinking. I also know that using these skills is different from implementing them in your life. A person can use skills once in a while but by learning how to incorporate them into every decision is difficult and takes a long time to learn.

In conclusion, I feel that critical thinking and decision making are two skills that we acquire and practice through the decisions we make in our daily life. By learning how to make better decisions we learn how to effectively communicate our ideas with strong sources that back up our views. I feel that by effectively using critical thinking we can be more open to changing our ideas because our lives are constantly changing since society is ever changing and improving. Also by being a critical thinker benefits us because we are motivated to make better decisions and this improves our "self-confidence by increasing your sense of intellectual independence"

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Self Personality

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Resolving the conflict of Reliability vs. Accuracy in the 16 PF test

Introduction

For psychologists, one of the more popular theories espoused is the trait approach to personality, or "the idea that people have consistent personality characteristics that can be measured and studied" (Kalat, 00, 51). However there are several problems that arise. First, there are significant cross-cultural differences, so one set of personality traits for one culture may differ considerably for another. The next problem would concern the creation of a test that could accurately measure these traits. While psychologists have for the most part addressed these issues, I will focus on the latter of the two. There has been a number of multiple personality tests put to use such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), the Rorschach Inkblots and others. In our class we were instructed to take the 16 PF personality test in which we would judge for ourselves how accurate the test was based on our own personal experiences. In judging the usefulness of this test we took into consideration its reliability and validity. For a test to be reliable it must be able to accurately reflect consistent results for various people that can be agreed upon by researchers and therapists alike. Reliability in turn relates to validity. To be valid a test must be dependable producing data that can be used to detect a mental illness or otherwise certain personality dimensions within psychologically healthy individuals. Furthermore personality tests must be standardized, having data capable of being "interpreted in a prescribed fashion" (Kalat, 00, 58). These standards are based on a comparison of a large number of people who have taken the test, one group with a particular disorder and another group who consist of the normal range. These allow researchers to identify people who score within a certain range to be more typical of a particular disorder. While the 16 PF personality test meets these criteria, whether or not the test is accurate remains to be explored. Within the next couple of pages I will describe the results of the test and discuss whether or not the data is an accurate reflection of my own personality.

Discussion and Interpretation of Scores

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While the 16 PF personality test measured the strength of 18 factors, there were only 10 of which we were provided with useful information to interpret. Overall, I believe that the test was fairly accurate in measuring certain factors of my personality so much so that it was difficult for me to find certain factors that I did not agree with. However there were two factors, E (dominance) and Q1 (rebelliousness), which I believe were a bit overrated in myself. Aside from these the test seemed to adequately define facets of my personality. For "warmth" (factor A) my sten score read 4, indicating that I am slightly more reserved and critical that easygoing and good-natured. I scored a 7 in "ego strength" (factor C), classifying me as more stable and emotionally mature and less emotional and changeable in attitudes. In dominance (factor E) my sten score read 8, meaning I am more assertive, competitive and stubborn rather than submissive, dependent and humble. I received an average score of 5 in "impulsivity" (factor F) indicating a slightly more serious and sober approach to the world over the cheerful and enthusiastic view. As for "boldness" (factor H), I received a sten score of 4 signifying a more shy and restrained approach to things as opposed to an adventurous genial one. I received a median score of 5 for "emotional sensitivity" (factor I) demonstrating my slightly more tough-minded and self-reliant view in contrast to a sensitive insecure one. For "imagination" (factor M) a score of 8, indicating that I am more imaginative, unconventional and absorbed in ideas and am less so for practicality and the prosaic. Factor N measured "shrewdness," and I received a sten score of 7, which is indicative of being emotionally detached and astute. I also received a score of 10 for "rebelliousness" (factor Q1) indicating a highly radical and liberal way of thinking. Lastly I scored 8 for "self sufficiency" (factor Q) demonstrating resourcefulness. These purported measures of certain facets of my personality were based upon the standardized interpretations of the test. According to these interpretations I scored an average score in only impulsivity and emotional sensitivity. I scored above average in ego strength, dominance, imagination, shrewdness, rebelliousness, and self-sufficiency. And I scored below average in warmth and boldness.

In Relation to My Experiences

Aforementioned I do believe the test accurately measured most aspects of my personality correctly. One factor that I definitely agree with would have to be ego strength (factor C). My sten score of 7 is above average and indicates that I am emotionally stable, mature and that I face reality. Many of my friends have told me that I largely remain unaffected by feelings; they never see me get upset or lose control of my emotions. I also see myself as fairly stable and constant in interests.

A second area in which I believed the test accurately measured would be imagination (factor M). My sten score of 8 is relatively high, meaning I have an unconventional, bohemian, and absent-minded approach to things. This also indicates that I am fanciful, easily seduce from practical judgment, absorbed in ideas, and interested in art, theory, and basic beliefs, characteristics that I believe are indicative of myself. I often daydream and can often be seen absorbed in abstract ideas. I also tend to avoid the practical and am enthralled by inner creations and ideas that I consider to be equally original. This is also evident in the television shows I watch; I tend to ignore more common sitcoms in favor of more imaginative shows like Star Trek, Smallville, or even various cartoon shows. I am also willing to take risks for the sake of originality, even if people tell me not to take the risk. One disadvantage however is that I often lack down to earth concerns; I'd rather think of the imaginative and abstract rather than focus on the worldly.

While I believe the test to be accurate for the most part, there were two factors, which I believe did not accurately depict my personality. One of these factors was Q1, which measured rebelliousness. I received a relatively high sten score of 10, the farthest deviation from the average out of all my other scores. This basically states that I am extremely radical and liberal. While I do harbor some liberal thinking and sometimes favor a fresh approach to things, I do not consider myself a radical thinker or overtly rebellious. For most of my life I have respected notions of authority even while I may not agree with them, and aside from a few moving violations, I have never broken the law. While I tend to dislike the notion of mainstream culture, I still embrace it along with more non-conventional ideas. Instead of ignoring the mainstream or totally embracing the non-conventional I merely strive to get the best of both worlds.

Another example of a measured factor that I believe did not accurately portray a certain feature of my personality would be factor E, or the measure of dominance. My sten score of 8 indicates a highly assertive, stern, hostile and headstrong personality. However this highly conflicts with factor C and H, which measured ego strength and boldness. According to those scores, I should be emotionally stable, shy and reserved. However the dominance factor seems to contradicts these indicating that I am more aggressive and stubborn. I do not rush in headstrong into just any situation; I often contemplate how others would think of me and am preoccupied with finding the right "opportunity" to say something. I try to be humble at times and will conform if the situation forces me to. While I do not consider myself submissive and dependent, I do tend to be considerate and diplomatic, trying to be a little open minded to another person's feelings and thoughts. Whenever there's a heated argument between my friends I'm usually the one asked to step in and resolve the dilemma, though I tend to shy away until asked to.

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INDIA. FOOD AVAILABILITY AND SELECTION

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INDIA

Food Availability and Selection

India is an extremely vast country.Before independence it consisted of about 600 semi-independent kingdoms, ruled over by Hindu's and Muslims under British supervision, as well as large tracts of land ruled directly by the British, land that the British had divided, as and when they acquired it, into governable provinces.There were about 15 major languages spoken across the land as well as 1,65 minor languages and dialects and the people belonged to at least 15 major faiths.

With independence, the princely kingdoms merged into one country, India.When the Indian Government began the task of dividing this huge land into states, they did it upon a linguistic basis.Each area with a major language and culture was given it's own state.The idea of forcing a common language has been tossed many times.The people do not want it as they are proud of their separate cultures.Many have traditions as well as poetry and literature that go back thousands of years and they are not about to give that up.This is true of foods as well, which are different from one state to the next.

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India is in that sense very similar to Europe, with each state rather like each European nation, having not only it's own language, culture and foods, but it's own history, it's own unique geography and it's own set of dominant religions.The feature that link all the states is that they all have the same central government.The entire country was influenced by Muslim rule which began around the 11th Century and later by British colonisation.And, where foods are concerned, the whole country has in common the total command over spices and seasonings.

India's cuisine is as rich and diverse as her people.The spectrum of Indian cuisine can be said to lie between two dietary extremesvegetarianism and meat eating.

India is well known for it's tradition of vegetarianism which has a history spanning more than two millennia.However, this was not always the case.During the Vedic period (1500-500 BC) the priestly Hindus sacrificed animals to appease and gain boons from the Gods, after which the flesh was consumed.But the trend of meat eating shifted with the times.The anti-meat eating sentiment was already felt at the end of the Vedic period.This period also saw the rise of Buddhism, Jainism who detested the practise of sacrificing and consuming the flesh of animals, preaching the principle of 'non harming'.But at the beginning of the Epic period, beef was said to be common food that added vigour, not only to the body but also the mind.But as the cattle population decreased, so did this belief.Since Ghee, milk and yoghurt were vital for temple rituals, the cow began to enjoy a greater prominence and it's meat became prohibited.This started the banning of eating beef, which has become a long standing feature in Hinduism.

There is evidence that in 800BC people began to eat more vegetables, pulses, cereals and fruit as a consequence of growing distaste for meat.Even the priests took to vegetarianism and started to offer vegetarian meals to the Gods.Kings, such as Ashoka, forbade the killing of animals which further contributed to the development of vegetarianism.

The Brahmins continued their vegetarian fare for different reasons, excepting garlic and onions which were thought to arouse passions.However, all Brahmins are not vegetarians.Vegetarianism became more linked with the cuisines of southern India, rather than the north.

To date, India has received the equivalent of $1 billion in U.S. economic assistance ($5.7 billion in today's dollars).The nature of this economic assistance has been based on the Indian Government's requests and it's changing requirements as the economy developed.

U.S. economic assistance peaked at $1.6 billion in 160 when food aid accounted for % of the annual assistance budget.As India became self-sufficient in food production and expanded it's industrial capability and infrastructure, the need for U.S. assistance declined.In the 180 and 10s, USAID's average annual budget for India was $157 million and targeted key sectors, such as science and technology transfer, capital market development, health and women's status.

Although U.S. assistance declined, India is still looked upon as a poorer nation relying heavily on other countries support.

Indians are exposed to more combinations of flavours and seasonings than perhaps anyone else in the world.Their cuisine is based on this variety which, in flavours, encompasses hot & sour, hot & nutty, sweet & hot, bitter & sour and sweet & salty, in seasonings.It stretches from the freshness and sweetness of highly aromatic curry leaves to the dark pungency of the resin asafoetida, whose earthy aroma tends to startle westerners.

Their spice shelves often contain more than 0 seasonings.The Indian genius lies not only in squeezing several flavours out of the same spice by roasting it, grinding it or popping it whole into hot oil, but in combining seasoningscurry leaves with popped mustard seeds, ground roasted cumin seeds with mint, ginger and garlic with green chilliesto create a vast spectrum of tastes.It is this total mastery over seasonings that make Indian foods quite unique.

Eating from a 'thali' (a metal plate or banana leaf) is quite common in most parts of India.Both the North Indian and South Indian thali contain small bowls arranged inside the rim of the plate (or leaf), each filled with a different sort of spiced vegetarian food, curd and sweet.At the center of the thali you would find a heap of rice, some puris (wheat bread rolled into small circular shapes and deep-fried in hot oil) or chapathis (wheat bread rolled out into large circular shapes and shallow-fried over a hot 'tava).Indians wash their hands immediately after and before eating a meal as it is believed that food tastes better when eaten with one's hands.

'Paan' is served as a digestive after some meals.The dark-green leaf of the betel-pepper plant is smeared with a little bit of lime and wrapped around a combination of spices like crushed betel-nuts, cardamom, aniseed, sugar and grated coconut.It is an astringent and is believed to help in clearing the system.

All Indian food is served with either rice or bread or both.In the North it is the whole wheat breads that are commonly eaten and in the South it is plain rice.The traditional Indian bread use to be flat, baked on cast-iron griddles, rather like tortillas.The Muslims introduced ovens where sour dough and plain breads, such as 'Naans', could be baked.At most Indian meals, aside from the meat, vegetables, split peas and rice or bread that are served, there are also relishes, yoghurt dishes, pickles and chutneys.They round off the full cycle of flavours and textures, adding bite, pungency and often vital vitamins and minerals as well.Tandori chicken originated from this country, becoming a very popular way to cook chicken.

Around the world food is eaten to fill stomachs and to keep bodies strong and healthy.In India there is frequently a shift in emphasis.Indians, like everyone else, eat to survive but they also eat to keep their bodies finely tuned, physically and spiritually.The physical fine tuning is achieved by a series of weekly fasts to cleanse the system and by careful selection of the seasoning used in daily meals.

Religious and caste restrictions, weather, geography and the impact of foreigners have affected the eating habits of Indians.For example, Brahmins are very strict vegetarians usually, but in the coastal states they consume a lot of fish.Southern Indians, generally speaking, have been orthodox in their taste, probably because eating meat when it is hot all year round can be difficult.In the North the weather varies from scorching heat to nail biting cold with a sprinkling of showers in between, so the food here is quite rich and heavy.Also, the mughal influence has resulted in meat eating habits among many North Indians.

A foreigner can discover the many differences in foods of various regions only after landing in India.The variation in Indian food from region to region can be quite staggering.The history of food and how it has developed has proved vital in the culture and way of life of Indians.It's uniqueness has been recognised world wide giving the whole world a little taste of India

Please note that this sample paper on INDIA. FOOD AVAILABILITY AND SELECTION is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on INDIA. FOOD AVAILABILITY AND SELECTION, we are here to assist you.Your cheap research paperson INDIA. FOOD AVAILABILITY AND SELECTION will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Discuss john proctor

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You can never get an equal and co-operative society. Especially at the time of the Salem Witch Trials, the puritan establishment brought complete pandemonium to the town and caused many unnecessary deaths. Every person is unequal and the diverse authority levels, beliefs and personalities are always unbalanced. Miller explores the revolutionary ways in the play that people try to rectify their broken circumstances challenging religion and trust.

Many of the strong points and fundamental themes hidden within their society relate back to personal beliefs, dogmatic views, universal issues and the political weaknesses in society in that particular time. The more persistent themes e.g., Empowerment, reputation, mass hysteria and intolerance, convey and represent individual characters and the loyalty they portray towards their personal beliefs. The puritan people believed that a person could make compact with the devil. Their morals and beliefs led them to start pointing fingers and accusing people of witchcraft.

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Out of everyone in the play John Procter remains closest to his beliefs. Proctor is an out spoken character who maintains an upright position of a wealthy farmer. He commits adultery with Abigail, but it was his emotions that did this, his guilt led him to do the right thing and tell his wife of the affair. The thing that I admired most about Procter's character is his ability to change for what he believed in. He cannot be easily led, as he is a leader himself. He was a prominent and distinguished man who remained honest to himself and others throughout the play. He was an attractive role model. By displaying his beliefs openly, he was respected even if it meant going against the puritan authorities. He challenged authority and this is what made him a hero. He's looked upon as a symbol from the bible. This is because he gains a sense of satisfaction and reassurance through himself and his own defeat and dies with his integrity, knowing he could have changed his fate by telling a lie. He remained honourable and immovable, by remaining true to himself and what he believed in. The on-going quality Proctor's character holds is the normal and healthy imperfections a person should experience. He makes genuine and human mistakes, which makes him more approachable as a person because he appears natural in his ways and respectable within his decisions. Except for the last one he made. He wouldn't sign a lie because he was too passionately committed to his beliefs, and in some ways this was his major weakness. As it led to his death. He didn't want to lose faith in himself by lying and he didn't want the puritan people to look at him and see him as a coward. He believed that a person could learn from their mistakes and redeem themselves by doing good. After the crime he committed he was just the same, a person because he was a symbol of goodness from the very beginning of the play.

The situation gets a bit sacrificial when Abigail thrives for her revenge and begins to get besotted with John. She believed that even if goody proctor wasn't around John would still have feelings for her, as he did during their previous affair. It was obvious that Proctor was attracted to Abigail and that she was in love with him, however wrong it may have been morally. Perhaps he didn't make it clear that it was over, he was also quite weak in that respect. Maybe it was her narrow mind preventing her from seeing how circumstances and how people in them can change for what they believe is right.

"Give me a word John. A soft word…"

"John I am waiting for you every night."

Abigail uses taunting and forceful tactics to make him see "Sense", interfering with his beliefs; all of Abigail's dialogue is based on her fiction and what she believed in.

He slows down the process of doing what he thinks is the right thing, which then led him to oppose and challenge elements beyond his control. For example; Abigail's fabrication and forceful obsession with him.

Another important aspect in the play, which constantly conveys itself through clever symbolism, is the on-going battle of good and evil. This is what emphasizes Proctor's fairness in the situation. Proctor, in some ways, is a religion himself; Abby abides by him, his correct ways could be learnt from and he obtains different impurities and experiences people could relate too. In order to be a heroic figure people must be able to relate to you. E.g., having natural weaknesses; Proctor's big weakness at the beginning is Abigail and realising that his individual needs might have to be sacrificed for the good and welfare of everyone. He over comes his weakness and his run in with Abby shows this is great detail "Abby, you'll put it out of mind. I'll not be comin' for you more.", and also how he is adamant to do the right thing,

Honesty plays a big part within a religion because if you're not true to yourself, you contradict what you believe in and represent yourself through complete dishonesty. Proctor follows and abides by the rules of his personal beliefs by admitting the affair he had with Abigail to his associates and the court.

"I have known her, sir."

So it seems, that she had motive for what she was doing. He also carried through with his level head and open mind whilst he was on the receiving end of the fabrication, as he was the last one to believe it all, even at the most dramatic of stages. Proctor's affair with Abigail begins to make him re-think his moral values and spiritual beliefs throughout the course of the play. He doesn't change them though. It only made him question and doubt himself. "What is John Proctor?"

Despite Proctor's change in seeing things, the town's people changed also, from respecting him as a citizen to seeing him as a sinner. The people are initially against him, as he does not believe witches existed. What helped Proctor's change is his wife having the ability to see people, for who they are,

"I see what I see, John."

She could see John for what he was and this helped him come to realise the strength within himself and made him stronger as a person.

"I fear nothing."

At this particular moment her strong emotion is contradicting her dialogue, as she is saying and feeling this with great fear. She feared her own justified circumstance but still remained right in her argument at the end of Act .

The court's weakness is that they let people stand up for what was morally and ethically correct but still executed them, along with the majority of characters in the play, including John Proctor.

"Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave my name!"

In order to save himself he had to turn against the strong values his name carried. He didn't believe that he should lie about his own guilt to save himself; he wanted to keep his pride by dying. He did, He died holding his respected name and personal morality. His dignity and loyalty eventually kills him.

He relates himself and his current situation to his affair.

"In her life, sir, she have never lied. There are them that cannot sing, and them that cannot weepMy wife cannot lie. I have paid much to learn it, sir."

It suggests within context that he has well and truly learnt from his mistake and that he feels intensely for Elizabeth. He speaks to the court; this is his final attempt to save his wife. He also tries to prove the girl's fraud. He exposes Abby's motivation through Elizabeth being condemned.

This new power orientated obsession of hers causes her to kill proctor indirectly.

"He may have his goodness now…"

Elizabeth says this hoping that her husband's next life brings out his true goodness and valued name. I think she is also trying to signify that those making the decisions to kill are in fact pure evil and that John was much higher then them, maybe not with authority but in justice.

Until Christianity there was no devil figure, the author is suggesting that we invented the devil as an on-going punishment for people not abiding rules, laws or demands. The play can be seen as an analogy in that sense. In reality Proctor's death was allegedly his punishment. I think this was very wrong because the effort for trying to do what he believed was the right thing, caused him despair and misery, so the struggle to do good by staying closest to his beliefs was his ultimate punishment.

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SMALL BUSINESS PLAN

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1.0Executive Summary

DreamNet, unlike a typical caf¨¦, will provide a unique forum for communication and entertainment through the medium of the internet. DreamNet is the answer to an increasing demand. The public wants (1) access to the methods of communication and volumes of information now available on the Internet, and ()access at a cost they can afford and in such a way that they aren't socially, economically, or politically isolated. DreamNet's goal is to provide the community with a social, educational, entertaining, atmosphere for worldwide communication.

This business plan is prepared to obtain financing in the amount of $4,000. The supplemental financing is required to begin work on site preparation and modifications, equipment purchase, and to cover expenses in the first year of operations. Additional financing has already been secured in the form of (1) $4,000 from the Oregon economic development fund () $40,000 of personal saving from owner Jiamin Liu () and $,000 in the form of short-term loans.

1.1Objectives

DreamNet's objectives for the first three years of operation include

The creation of a unique, upscale, innovative environment that will differentiate DreamNet from local coffe house.

Educating the community on what the Internet has to offer.

The formation of an environment that will bring people with diverse interests and backgrounds together in a common forum.

Good coffee and bakery items at a reasonable price.

Affordable access to the resources of the Internet and other online service.

1. Mission

As the popularity of the Internet continues to grow at an exponential rate, easy and affordable access is quickly becoming a necessity of life. DreamNet provides communities with the ability to access the Internet, enjoy a cup of coffee, and share Internet experiences in a comfortable environment. People of all ages and backgrounds will come to enjoy the unique, upscale, educational, and innovative environment that DreamNet provides.

1. Keys to success

The creation of a unique, innovative, upscale atmosphere that will differentiate DreamNet from other local coffee shops and future Internet cafes.

The establishment of DreamNet as a community hub for socialization and entertainment.

The creation of an environment that won't intimidate the novice user. DreamNet will position itself as an educational resource for individuals wishing to learn about the benefits the Internet has to offer.

Great coffee and bakery items.

1.4 Risks

Will there be a demand for the services offered by DreamNet in Sydney?

Will the popularity of the internet continue to grow, or is the internet a fad?

Will individuals be willing to pay for the service DreamNet offers?

Will the cost of accessing the internet from home drop so significantly that there will not be a market for internet caf¨¦ such as DreamNet?

.0Company Summary

DreamNet will be located in Sydney's Chinatown, will offer the community easy and affordable access to the internet. DreamNet will provide full access to email, WWW, FTP, usenet and other internet applications. DreamNet will also provide customers with a unique and innovative environment for enjoying great coffee, specialty beverages, and bakery items.

DreamNet will appeal to individuals of all ages and backgrounds. The instructional internet classes, and the helpful staff that DreamNet provides, will appeal to the audience that does not associate themselves with the company age. This educational aspect will attract younger and elderly members of the community who are rapidly gaining interest in the unique resources that online communications have to offer. The location will provide students and business people with convenient access to the online needs.

.0Service

DreamNet will provide full access to email, WWW, FTP, usenet and other internet applications. Printing, scanning and introductory courses to the internet will also be available to the customer. DreamNet will also provide customers with a unique and innovative environment for enjoying great coffee, specialty beverages, and bakery items.

.1 Competitive Comparison

DreamNet will face some competitions in Sydney, but DreamNet will differentiate itself from the other internet cafes by providing its customers.

. Technology

DreamNet will invest in high-speed computers to provide its customers with a fast and efficient connection to the internet. The computers will be reliable and fun to work with. DreamNet will continue to upgrade and modify the systems to stay current with communications technology. One of the main attractions associated with internet cafes, is the state of the art equipment available for use.

4.0Market Analysis Summary

DreamNet is faced with the stronger competitions in the Sydney cyber-caf¨¦ market. Therefore, the consistent popularity of coffee, comfortable atmosphere, combined with the growing interest in the internet, is confident to be a winner among the competitors.

4.1Market Segmentation

DreamNet's customers can be divided into two groups. The first group is familiar with the internet and desires a progressive and inviting atmosphere where can get out of their offices or bedrooms and enjoy a great cup of coffee. The second group is not familiar with the internet, yet, and is just waiting for the right opportunity to enter the online community. In addition to these two broad categories, DreamNet's target market can be divided into more specific market segments which are students and business people.

4.Target Market Segment Strategy

DreamNet intends to cater to people who want a guided tour on their first spin around the internet and to experienced users eager to indulge their passion for computers in a social setting. Furthermore, DreamNet will be a magnet for local and traveling professionals who desire to work or check their email messages in a friendly atmosphere. DreamNet's target market covers a wide range of ages from members of generation x who grew up surrounded by computers, to baby boomers who have come to the realization that people today cannot afford to ignore computers.

5.0Strategy and Implementation

Attract novice internet users

Attract power internet users

Social hub

5.1 Pricing strategy

DreamNet bases its prices for coffee and specialty drinks on the ¡°retail profit analysis¡± provided by our supplier. Determining a fair market, hourly price, for online use is more difficult because there are stronger competitions, maybe the price for internet is cheaper than others in order to attract more customers.

5. Promotion Strategy

DreamNet will implement a pull strategy in order to build consumer awareness and demand. Initially, DreamNet has budgeted $5,000 for promotional efforts which will include advertising with coupons for a free hour of internet time in local publications and in-house promotions such as offering customers free internet time if they pay for an introduction to the internet workshop taught by DreamNet's computer technician.

5. Sales Strategy

As a retail establishment, DreamNet employs people to handle sales transactions. Computer literacy is a requirement for DreamNet employees. Our full-time technician is also available for customers in need of assistance. DreamNet's commitment to friendly, helpful service is one of the key factors that distinguishes DreamNet from other internet cafes.

6.0Management Summary

DreamNet is owned and operated by Jiamin Liu. The company, being small in nature, requires a simple organizational structure. Implementation of this organizational form calls for the owned, Miss Liu, to make all of the major management decisions in addition to monitoring all other business actives.

6.1Personnel Plan

The staff will consist of six part-time employees working thirty hours a week at $8.00 per hour. In addition, one full-time technician will be employed to work forty hours a week at $10.00 per hour. This simple structure provides a great deal of flexibility and allows communication to disperse quickly and directly. Because of these characteristics, there are few coordination problems seen at DreamNet that are common within larger organizational chains. This strategy will enable DreamNet to react quickly to changes in the market.

7.0Break-even analysis

Break-even Analysis

Monthly Units Break-even4,

Monthly Revenue Break-even$1,461

Assumptions

Average Per-Unit Revenue$.5

Average Per-Unit Variable Cost$0.50

Estimated Monthly Fixed Cost$10,000

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Civil Service has been successful in maintaining and exercising neutrality. Discuss.

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The British executive is divided into two halves, the political half and the administrative half. The political arm consists of the elected and unelected politicians who run the various departments and sit in cabinet, while the administrative half consists of the civil service. The civil service is essentially the mechanism of government, implementing the policies created by politicians. The civil service has a hierarchical structure, stretching from the top officials concerned with policy matters, right down to the hundreds of thousands of junior civil servants concerned solely with administration. Senior civil servants have traditionally been seen as responsible for running government departments and work closely with the actual minister, and include the posts from assistant secretary to permanent secretary.

Traditionally the civil service has had a closed career structure. Recruits would largely come from Oxbridge and be chosen because of general intellectual skills rather than relevant qualifications. Personnel would then be trained on the job, and most would expect a lifelong career, progressing through the ranks.

Reforms resulting fromLabour's Fulton Report (168) created an open structure throughout the civil service. This opened up positions, including those at higher levels, to outside competition.

Due to the close relationship senior civil servants have with government ministers, and the considerable influence they can possess, it has traditionally seemed important that the civil service remainspermanent and politically neutral. Politicians have the mandate of the electorate, whereas the civil service consists of unelected officials working closely with the government. It has always been assumed, therefore, that the civil service must be politically neutral, and loyally serve ministers regardless of which party is in government. The civil service is there to provide impartial advice on government policy, and about the practical limitations of certain ideas. Permanence is seen to be important within the civil service as a counteract to the relatively short period of time which ministers hold their job for. The average length of time for a minister to retain the same job is two years, and so they will often be unused to the job and inexperienced. It is therefore important that there are senior civil servants with years of experience and plenty of knowledge about the departments' work, ensuring continuity and stability of administration.

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The principle of anonymity ensures that senior civil servants aren't publicly identified with the successes or failures of government policies. This is in line with the doctrine of ministerial responsibility, which states that ministers are personally responsible for the actions of their department, including those of civil servants. This doctrine can only function if senior civil servants are anonymous.

One additional feature which separates the civil service's administrative character from the political role played by politicians is expertise. Although entering the service with a generalist rather than specialist nature, they pick up valuable experience and expertise during the intensive 'Fast track' training which new recruits to the senior civil service receive. As ministers aren't assigned positions on relevant political expertise, it is important that senior civil servants are experts in administration.

The civil service has remained fairly similar in its structure and characteristics since the Northcote-Trevelyan Report 1850s.

The most radical recent reforms have occurred during the last 0 years. The Fulton Report set the ball rolling, but it was Thatcher's administration which really kick-started radical reform. On entering government she was intent on reducing the size of the state, reducing government expenditure, and this included the civil service. This firstly meant immediately freezing civil service recruitment.

Thatcher was keen on introducing free market principles throughout the public sector, not withholding the civil service. One of her first moves was bringing in Derek Rayner from the private sector and giving him a senior civil service post, as head of the new Efficiency Unit. The purpose of this unit was to review the civil service from within, improving management and reducing costs. Thatcher also wanted to see a greater degree of responsibility taken by senior civil servants over policy, contravening the principle of ministerial responsibility. Performance-related pay was also envisioned, although appeared difficult to apply in practise.

These reforms still left many unsatisfied, and Thatcher's next head of the Efficiency Unit, Robin Ibbs was commissioned to produce a report with further recommendations. The product of the Ibbs Report (187) was largely the Next Steps agencies. The recommendations of the report were considered so radical they were kept under-wraps until after the 187 election. The Report again heavily criticised the civil service for being too large, for being too conservative and for spending too much money without being cost effective.

The recommendation was for semi-autonomous agencies to be set up with responsibility for the day-to-day implementation of policy. These agencies were to be headed by a chief executive responsible for management within the boundaries of government policy, and accountable to the relevant minister. The long-term aim was for 5% of civil servants to be employed within agencies, with the remaining 5% being employed centrally by the ministries. Due to the willingness of the Major and then the Blair government to continue these reforms, this target is nearly met, as 77% of civil servants were employed by agencies in 18.

The philosophy behind the Next Step Agencies is the divorcing of administration from policy formulation, in order to remove political obstacles from improved efficiency and private sector-style management. This separated the policy-advising senior civil service from the rest of the civil service.

Besides following through the reforms laid out during the Thatcher administration, Major introduced the Citizens Charter in 11. Its aim was to make civil servants more accountable to the public and to improve standards. The idea was to set targets for agencies, describing the service the public is entitled to.

In 18 Blair replaced the Citizens Charter with the Service First programme. Although similarly ran by a team in the Cabinet Office, the Service First Programme concentrates on focus groups, canvassing public opinion about the quality of services. By asking the people using the facilities how they are doing, it becomes possible to look at ways of raising standards.

The principle of ministerial responsibility and the anonymity of senior civil servants was brought under serious disrepute over the Westland Affair (185). This was probably the first time that ministers actually named specific civil servants as being the ones on whom blame fell. Civil servants were instructed by Downing Street to leak certain information which was damaging to Michael Heseltine. The relevant ministers blamed the civil servants involved, and the vice versa. There were no resignations as the Ministers claimed that the civil servants had acted on their own initiative.

The "Spycatcher" affair managed to ruin both the "anonymity" and "neutrality" of the civil service. On a number of occasions Thatcher had asked the Cabinet Secretary, Robert Armstrong to defend government policy, compromising his neutrality. The affair in question was over the governments wish to ban the publication of a book called "Spycatcher". The person sent to argue what was a political decision in court was Armstrong.

Overall I feel that the neutrality of the civil service has been hardest hit by the increase in political advisers that have specifically chosen the prime minister himself and so are considered to be "yes" men that promote their own political agenda than serve the interest of the general public.

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