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Precipitation is formed in five main stores around the world. Snow and ice make up
.% of the worlds water, groundwater 0.6%, soil water 0.01%, water in atmosphere
0.01% and obviously the biggest store being Oceans 7.%. Within this essay I will
Do my essay on Outline the various route ways by which water from precipitation enters the river channel, and discuss the effect of the relative proportions of these route ways on the river hydrograph? CHEAP !
outline the different routes that water from precipitation enters the river channel and
will discuss the effects of this upon a river hydrograph. The essay will state the
various routes and comment on what they will do to a river hydrograph at different
levels storm conditions or drought conditions.
Surface run-off or overland flow is one major route for precipitation to enter the
river channel. When rain is released and hits the ground at storm levels the ground is
saturated and so the soil can take no more and so surface water starts to travel down
the drainage basin to where it can find the river channel. This process can either be
slow under normal precipitation levels or can be very quick under heavy storm
conditions and also if previous rainfall still leaves the soil saturated.
Due to increasing urbanisation this factor of overland flow is becoming an ever
more key role in flooding and very quick efficient discharge of rivers. The presence of
drains, pipe systems and technology designed to allow the rainwater escape as
efficiently as possible. This leads to two distinct changes to river hydrographs, within
natural environments the effects of overland flow on hydrographs is slow as the time
taken for the water to reach the channel is quite considerable as the vegetation and
presence of soils holds the water instead of allowing overland flow to carry it, so the
hydrograph will have a gentle rising limb to show this fact. On the other hand within a
drainage basin where there is a considerable amount of urban growth and developed
land the levels of surface run off will be very high as the impermeable surfaces allow
water to travel over the surface to drains and pipe systems taking the water directly to
the river channel. This will lead to flash floods and the hydrograph will show this as a
very steep rising limb. One such river basin is the Tees river in the north east of
England, as along the course of the river there has been high levels of development
and records have shown a pattern of increasing urbanisation equals more frequent and
larger floods.
Another route way is through flow where rainwater travels down slope through the
soil. This route is slow as much of the water is used by vegetation on the ground so
reducing through floe to the channel. However in areas of deforestation and bare earth
flooding is more likely to occur e.g. "Bangladesh and the removal of trees in Nepal
has resulted in serious flooding as through flow is not hindered by trees and thick
vegetation." (Waugh 10). The result of large amounts of through flow leads to a
very steep hydrograph with both steep rising and falling limbs.
Fig 1. From "geography an integrated approach" (Waugh 10)
Fig 1. Shows the difference in vegetation makes upon the hydrographs, geology and
precipitation are the same in both basins.
Another route is Ground water flow or Base flow this occurs when water enters the
ground through a porous soil or permeable rock but then collects above a surface of
impermeable rock it then can travel laterally as base flow to the rivers main channel.
Base flow can be drained through periods of drought or low periods of precipitation
but must be replaced before any flooding or a rise in the river can occur because when
it is replaced is replaced overland flow and through flow can occur. Base flow on a
hydrograph is slow to respond to individual changes e.g. a storm but instead
represents seasonal changes in precipitation, snow melt, vegetation and
evapotranspiration. Base flow is very important to a river during periods of low
precipitation as it maintains the rivers flow and so the hydrograph will look flattened
when a river is dependant on its base flow.
Fig . Hydrograph to demonstrate a river dependant on base flow (source= own)
There are also secondary routes that can be examined when looking at the routes to
the river channel. Firstly there is through fall where precipitation falls through spaces
in the tree canopy and falls quickly to the ground, this is a effect closely linked to
overland flow and will effect the river levels greatly if the ground is already saturated.
Secondly there is stem flow, a slower movement of water trickling down stems and
branches and there is also drip, when water drips from leaves onto the ground more
relevance to large areas of forest and rain forests. All of the above are closely linked
to overland flow and through flow and have the effect of slowing down a rivers flow
during rain fall and so the hydrographs show a gradual rising limb and a faster falling
limb such hydrographs will be found where river basins are thickly covered with large
amounts of vegetation and trees coniferous forests and rain forests for example.
The three main routes that I have identified are undoubtedly the key routes that
water uses to reach the river channel and the effects of these routes are key to a rivers
survival and can be easily identified when looking at individual or comparing
hydrographs.
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