Robotics

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Industrial robot

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Industrial robotics refers to the study, design and use of robots for manufacturing. Applications for industrial robots include welding, painting, assembly, product inspection and testing.

There are a small number of commonly used configurations for industrial automation, including articulated robots (the most common), SCARA robots and gantry robots (a.k.a. Cartesian robots or x-y-z robots).

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Robot actions are determined by programmed routines that specify the direction, speed, and distance of a series of coordinated motions. For more precise guidance, robots are often assisted by machine vision systems acting as the eyes.

History of Industrial Robotics

The first company to produce an industrial robot was Unimation.

In most cases, a machine vision system will use a combination of these processing techniques to perform a complete inspection. A system that reads a barcode may also check a surface for scratches and measure the length and width of a machined component.

Applications of Machine Vision

Machine vision systems are widely used in semiconductor device fabrication; indeed, without machine vision, yields for computer chips would be significantly reduced. Machine vision systems inspect silicon wafers, processor chips, and subcomponents such as resistors and capacitors.

In the automotive industry, machine vision systems are used to guide industrial robots, gauge the fit of stamped metal components, and inspect the surface of the painted vehicle for defects.

Though machine vision techniques were developed for the visible spectrum, the same processing techniques may be applied to images captured using imagers sensitive to other forms of light such as infrared.

Related fields

Machine vision is distinct from computer vision, an academic field of research often classified as a subfield of artificial intelligence. Computer vision extends to topics related to autonomous robotics and machine representation of human vision. Machine vision refers to automated imaging systems used in factories, assembly plants, and other industrial environments.

Industrial Robots.

To cope with shrinking product life cycles, computational methods are needed to reduce the time required to configure assembly lines. One idea is to formally model a small ``vocabulary of parameterized modular components (e.g., robot arms, conveyor belts, flexible part feeders, modular fixtures, light beams, D vision systems) and develop CG-based algorithms to efficiently compile them into an assembly system for a given CAD product model [7]. Here are a few relevant problem areas

1.CONVEX DECOMPOSITION For motion planning, collision checking is currently most efficient for convex polyhedra, so we need better methods for convex decomposition of polyhedra. Algorithms should produce a near-optimal number of convex components. As for other research areas, fast, robust code is needed. Convex decomposition has many applications and is currently a bottleneck. See [] for a survey of current methods and [] for a practical approach to the problem.

.GRASPING AND FIXTURING The goal here is to place contacts - fingers or fixture elements - so as to constrain object motion. This is one of the central problems in robotics. A number of basic questions have been answered, such as the minimum number of contacts sufficientto hold any nonrotational part in form closure (4 in D, 7 for polyhedra) [84][6] but efficient algorithms are still needed. In modular fixturing, where fixture elements are constrained to a regular lattice, recent results suggest a number of open questions about the existence of solutions for classes of fixtures and parts [115][14][154].

When there is uncertainty in part pose or applied forces, minimizing the number of grasp points can be posed as a convex set covering problem. Recently, CG researchers have described efficient and probably practical algorithms for near-optimal grasps. This goes beyond the previous works which either do not consider optimality, or do not allow search over a large space of possible finger placements. If the CG methods pan out in practice, this would be a strong vindication of CG in robotics.

.APPROXIMATION ALGORITHMS FOR GRASP CIRCUIT PLANNING Consider picking up parts as they arrive on a conveyor belt the gripper may have multiple suction cups that must be ``loaded during each pass Given a robot gripper withsuction cups and a collection ofparts, rapidly approximate an optimal path for loading the suction cups and depositing the parts in a pallet. Although this problem can be reduced to TSP, recent approximation results were successfully adapted to this and variations where the points to be visited are moving with known velocity []. Approximation algorithms have rarely been applied to problems in industrial robotics but hold great promise.

4.GEOMETRIC PROBING CAD models are assumed by many algorithms but are often unavailable. Geometric probing can be used to generate such models. Probing hardware includes touch probes, light beams, scanline and raster cameras. Depending on the application and sensor, the probing strategy may compute convex hull, line hull or ray hull. See [14] for a review. More work is needed on online probing strategies that include models of probe and control uncertainty. The problem of probing to minimize error turns out to be dual to grasping, so the algorithms mentioned there are directly relevant.

5.PART ORIENTING Algorithmic approaches to orienting (``feeding) parts for industrial assembly are needed. To be practical and cost effective, feeders must be able to rapidly and repeatedly orient parts at subsecond rates. Current feeders are designed by human trial and error. Complete algorithms are needed to take part geometry as input and generate feeding strategies or feeder hardware specifications as output. A complete algorithm for feeding D parts with algebraic boundaries is described in [14]. More work is needed to design feeders for d parts and to provide accurate mechanical simulation of collisions and statistical behavior of parts arriving in bulk.

6.ASSEMBLY SEQUENCE PLANNING The problem of disassembling a collection of parts has a strong geometric component. For local motions, a disassembly sequence can be found in polynomial time. The worst case running time is, but it is fast in practice [144]. More recently, good worst-case bounds have been given for an important special case where the set of possible disassembly directions is fixed a priori (true for many robotic workcells). The latter methods use lower envelopes and Davenport-Schinzel sequences to efficient find collisions along the disassembly direction. The main limitation so far is the inability to deal with complex motion during disassembly. e.g. a translation and twist motion would not be possible. Extensions of this type, plus the addition of other constraints on the sequence, will make this a rich area for future research.

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Rebellion

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Rebel Without A Cause Vs Good Will Hunting

Adolescence is seen as the period of time where one goes from being a teenager to becoming a young adult, but this period of time is one of the most dramatic times in one's life, full of confusion, change, violence, rebellious behaviour, emotional and trying to find their own meaning to life. Rebel Without A Cause (155), directed by Nicolas Ray and Good Will Hunting (17), directed by Gus Van Sant portray adolescents, non-conformity and rebellion as main concepts throughout the films. Both Rebel Without A Cause and Good Will Hunting have a great deal in common but also have their differences. Rebel Without A Cause is set in the U.S.A. in Los Angeles during the 150's, while Good Will Hunting is also set in the U.S.A. but in Boston during the 10's. Throughout both films the directors, Nicolas Ray and Gus Van Sant, use many effective techniques to portray the themes of the films. Techniques such as cinematography, lighting, clothing, colour, sound/music and the dialogue of the characters all draw the audience's attention to the main events and allow the audience to reflect on rebelliousness and teenage defiance.

Rebel Without A Cause focuses on Jim Stark (James Dean), Judy (Natalie Wood) and Plato (Sal Minco) who are adolescents not conforming and rebelling against society. They are shown to be troubled adolescents who are confused, having trouble with friends and come from dysfunctional families due to a generation gap. Jim goes through what you would say to be the worst first day of school in history, which consisted of a knife fight and the death of both Buzz (Corey Allen) and Plato. Jim and Judy end up finding happiness, comfort and the love which they were lacking within each other.

Good Will Hunting focuses on Will Hunting (Matt Damon), who is a troubled adolescent due to being a frequent victim of abuse throughout his childhood. Also being an orphan, he was in and out of foster homes on a regular basis. While Will was a victim of abuse he also rebels against society in the form of violence, accumulating a history of run-ins with the law. Will, a janitor at the prestigious Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Boston, was discovered to be a mathematical genius by Professor Lambeau (Stellan Skarsgard) as he found Will solving some of the world's mysteries in maths with ease while on his round of the university. Professor Lambeau recognises Will's potential and decides to help him. From this point we see Will attend a series of psychology sessions with Sean McGuire (Robin Williams) who tries to unlock Will's painful past and tame his frightened but aggressive persona. Throughout the film we see how Will's past has affected his life, the people he socialises with and the way he thinks. His past has made him emotionless and not want to open up to anyone as he's afraid of being hurt so he rejects them before he gets rejected. This can be seen when Will tells his girlfriend Skylar (Minnie Driver) that he doesn't love her when he really does. Will, the rebel is presented as a violent adolescent who has emotional problems and is afraid to commit to relationships. Will ends up opening up and letting out all his emotions to Sean, then travels to California after his girlfriend Skylar who enlightened him with answers, comfort and the love which he had lacked.

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The cinematography or the camera angles and shots used both in Rebel Without A Cause and Good Will Hunting are quite different as there is about forty- two years between both films. Rebel Without A Cause contains a large number of close up and medium shots for example, when Jim was sitting in the chair at the police station and when he was in the car about to take part in the chickie run. A long shot is seen when Jim decides to go to the police station and report Buzz's death. He is shown in the background and the police officers in front filling out reports. This makes Jim look like the police are ignoring him and that he isn't important, whilst it shows that the rebel (Jim) is being neglected by society. Good Will Hunting contains a large variety of shots and angles such as close ups, long shots, high angle shots and tracking shots. We see a close up of Will reading in the beginning which makes him look as if he is concentrating but interested in the book. A long shot is seen when Will is driving away at the end on his way to find Skylar. It gives a sense that he is going to explore his surroundings and start a new life. A dramatic high angle shot is seen when Will and his friends Chuckie (Ben Affleck), Morgan (Casey Affleck) and Billy (Cole Hauser) get into a punch-up. It gives the viewer the feeling that you are looking through Will's eyes, while it shows Will's rebellious behaviour against society. A tracking shot is used when Will and his friends are all in the car where Chuckie and Billy are arguing over a burger. All these different types of cinematography give the audience different thoughts, feelings and create interest in the film, while they emphasis the characteristics the rebels poses i.e. violence.

The lighting used throughout both films are similar with obviously night being dark and during the day being bright. Rebel Without A Cause has more scenes with dark lighting than with bright lighting which gives a sense of eeriness and rebellious behaviour. While in Good Will Hunting most of the scenes are quite bright as they are done during the day. The only dark scenes are when Will and his friends go out drinking at night. Lighting in general is used to capture audience's attention to main events of characters, which in this case are the rebels or non- conformists. Good Will Hunting is much brighter and has a more alive feel about it than in Rebel Without A Cause.

Clothing has been used to add a great effect and shows the audience who are the non-conformists. In Rebel Without A Cause, Buzz and his 'gang' were the only people wearing black leather jackets, which resembles non-conforminism. Buzz's leather jacket was lined in red which symbolizes rebellion and non-conformity. The three main characters were all shown wearing red at some stage of the film. Jim was wearing his red jacket, Judy was wearing red at the police station and Plato wore Jim's jacket towards the end. Towards the end Jim and Judy weren't wearing red. This symbolises how they had grown up and solved their problems. Throughout Good Will Hunting the difference between the non-conformists and the rest of society is the type of clothing worn. Will and his friends wore track suits, jeans and jackets whilst Professor Lambeau and Sean McGurie wore suits, coats and pull-overs. This also shows how Will and his friends are non-conforming with society or different from others.

The colours used throughout both films were different as in Rebel Without A Cause more bold colours were used whilst in Good Will Hunting more soft colours were used. I think this made Good Will Hunting a little more realistic as that was its aim, to make the audience feel as if it was a true story, and show how rebels are real people.

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CHARLES DICKENS

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The Life of Charles Dickens

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INTRODUCTION

This report will talk about the life of a famous author,

Charles Dickens. It will tell you about his early, middle,

and later years of his life. It will also talk about one of

his great works of literature. In conclusion, this report

will show a comparison of his work to his life.

EARLY LIFE

Charles Dickens was born at Landport, in Portsea, on

February 7, 181. His father was a clerk in the Navy

Pay-Office, and was temporarily on duty in the neighborhood

when Charles was born. His name was John Dickens. He spent

time in prison for debts. But, even when he was free

he lacked the money to support his family. Then, when

Charles was two they moved to London. 1

Just before he started to toddle, he stepped into the glare

of footlights. He never stepped out of it until he died. He

was a good man, as men go in the bewildering world of ours,

brave, transparent, tender-hearted, and honorable. Dickens

was always a little too irritable because he was a little

too happy. Like the over-wrought child in society, he was

splendidly sociable, and in and yet sometimes quarrelsome.

In all the practical relations of his life he was what the

child is at a party, genuinely delighted, delightful,

affectionate and happy, and in some strange way

fundamentally sad and dangerously close to tears.

At the age of 1 Charles worked in a London factory pasting

labels on bottles of shoe polish. He held the job only for a

few months, but the misery of the experience remain with him

all his life.

Dickens attended school off and on until he was 15, and then

left for good. He enjoyed reading and was especially fond of

adventure stories, fairy tales, and novels. He was

influenced by such earlier English writers as William

Shakespeare, Tobias Smollet, and Henry Fielding. However,

most of the knowledge he later used as an author came from

his environment around him. 4

MIDDLE LIFE

Dickens became a newspaper writer and reporter in the late

180s. He specialized in covering debates in Parliament,

and also wrote feature articles. His work as a reporter

sharpened his naturally keen ear for conversation and helped

develop his skill in portraying his characters speach

realistically. It also increased his ability to observe and

to write swiftly and clearly. Dickens first book, Sketches

by Boz (186) consisted of articles he wrote for the Monthly

Magazine and the London Evening Chronicles.5

On April , 186 he married Catherine Hogarth. This was just

a few days before the anoucement that on the 1st he would

have his first work printed in The Posthumous Papers of the

Pickwick Club. And this was the beginning of his career. 6

Then, at 4, Dickens became famous and was so until he died.

He won his first literary fame with The Posthumous Papers of

the Pickwick Club. Published in monthly parts in 186 and

187 the book describes the humorous adventure and

misadventures of the English Countryside. After a slow

start, The Pickwick Papers as the book was usually called

gained a popularity seldom matched in the history of

literature. 7

Then in 187, Catherines sister Mary, died. Because of her

death Dickens suffered a lot of grief. This led some

scholars to believe that Dickens loved Mary more than

Catherine. Catherine was a good woman but she lacked

intelligence. Dickens and Catherine had 10 children. Then

later in 1858, the couple seperated. 8

LATER LIFE

His later years was basically consisting of two main

additions to his previous activites.

The first was a series of public readings and lectures which

he began giving it systematically. And second, he was a

successive editor. Dickens had been many things in his life;

he was a reporter , an actor, a conjurer, a poet, a

lecturer, and a editor and he enjoyed all of those things.

Dickens had a remarkable mental and physical energy. He

recorded all his activites in thousands of letter, many of

which made delightful readings. He spent much of his later

life with crowded social friends from arts and literature.

He also went to the theater as often as he could, cause he

loved drama. Dickens also produced and acted in small

theaters to give public readings of his

work.10

Besides doing all this after his retirement he got involved

in various charities . These charities included schools for

poor children and a loan society to enable the poor to prove

to Australia. 11

Then about 1865 his health started to decline and he died of

a stroke on June , 1870. 1

Dickens Work

The Great Expectations

This story talks about a guy who is in love with a girl. It

is the theme of a youths discovery of the realities of life.

An unknown person provides the young hero, Pip, with money

so that he can live as a gentleman. Pips pride is shattered

when he learns that he loses Estella forever, the source of

his great expectation. Only by painfully revising his

values does Pip reestablish his life on a foundation of

sympathy, rather than on vanity, possesions, and social

position.

Conclusion

His work of Great Expectation is very related with his life.

It deals with the same problems he faced when he lost

Catherine and how his life was before he became rich and

famous. He also created scenes and descriptions of places

that have longed delighted readers. Dickens was a keen

observer of life and had a great understanding of humanity,

especially of young people. The warmth and humor of his

personality appeared in all of his works. Perhaps in no

other large body of fiction does the reader receive so

strong and agreeable impression of the person behind the

story.

Endnotes

1. G. K. Chesterton, Charles Dickens The Last of The Great

Men, American Book-Stratford Press, NY., 14 pg.1

. Ibid, pg. 1-

. Johnson, Edgar, His Tragedy and Triumph. Rev. ed.

Viking, 177, pg. 0

4. Ibid, pg. 7

5. World Book Encyclopedia, Random House, NY., 10 pg. 1

6. G. K. Chesterton, Charles Dickens The Last of the Great

Men, American Book-Stratford Press, NY., 14 pg. 50

7. World Book Encyclopedia, Random House, NY., 10 pg. 1

8. Johnson, Edgar, His Tragedy and Triumph. Rev. ed.

Viking, 177, pg. 5

. G. K. Chesterton, Charles Dickens The Last of the Great

Men, American Book-Stratford Press, NY., 14 pg. 167

10. World Book Encyclopedia, Random House, NY., 10 pg.15

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chesterton, G.K., The Last of the Great Men American

Book-Stratford Press, NY., 14.

Johnson, Edgar, His Tragedy and Triumph Rev. ed.

Viking, 177.

World Book Encyclopedia, Random House, NY., 10

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Overpopulation in china

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Present harmful side-effects

China is now confronting with a series of basic problems including a large population base, insufficient cultivated land, under-development, inadequate resources on per capita basis and an uneven social and economic development among regions.At present, the annual new-borns number 0 million resulting a new increase of population of about 14 million.The large population has impeded seriously the speed of social and economic development of the country and the rise of the standard of living of the people.Many difficulties encountered in the course of social and economic development are directly attributable to overpopulation problems.

ʒThe per capita grain production has declined in some years because of population growth although the total grain output of the country continued to increase.The further increase in grain production will be conditioned by the limited and declining arable land and serious soil erosion.The pressure of population growth on grain production is ever increasing.

ʒThe increasingly intensified exploitation of natural resources and the inadequate environmental protection because of population growth and economic developed have resulted in resource destruction and environment degradation in some parts of China.Energy shortage also occurred along side with energy wastage.To protect people's health form air pollution is still a challenging task.

ʒPopulation ageing makes social support for the elderly more pressing.In China, ageing accelerated because of a rapid decline in fertility.It is projected that the elderly age 60 and over would reach 18 million by the year 000 (accounting for 10 percent of the total population) and 7 million by 050 (accounting for 4 percent of the total population).Unlike the developed countries, population ageing in China preceded industrialization.The traditional function of the family to support the elderly has been weakened in recent years because of the reduction in family size and an increase in population movement.More and more people will need support from the society.

ʒPopulation and development in the poverty-stricken areas are faced with serious challenges.There are at present 70 million impoverished rural people whose livelihood has not been resolved.Most of them live in area of high mountains, hills, rocks, cold plateau, and in areas with a high incidence of endemic diseases.These areas are generally characterized by their remoteness, lack of transportation, ecological imbalance, poor living conditions, low production, low education levels, and slow economic development.It is a major task for China, before the end of this century, to solve the problems of these areas thru social and economic development.

Moreover, just as some other developing countries, there is a tendency of a rising of sex ratio at birth in China in recent years resulting from a rapid decline in fertility.The Chinese Government attaches great importance to this problem and has taken measures to solve it gradually through strengthening the publicity campaign, protecting the rights and interests of women and children, and prohibiting strictly the use of technical means for sex identification of fetus and sex-selective abortions.

There are many more negative effects that overpopulation has on China.Listed above are just some of the most alarming ones.

Reasons giving rise to this phenomenon

In the past three decades, China has experienced a remarkable fertility transition from a level of about six children per woman down to less than two children per women.Such an unprecedented transition in a very short period of time was, to a significant extent, initiated by a government-sponsored family-planning program promoted under unfavorable social, economic and demographic conditions.It has enabled China to join the countries, mostly developed countries, that have achieved below-replacement fertility, and it will have profound social, economic and demographic implications for China.But first, let's look at the fertility trends since 14.

The fertility transition in China can be roughly divided into six phases

1.Initial high fertility period (14157)

The return of peace after the foundation of the People's Republic in 14 led to a period of high fertility with declining mortality.The crude birth rate for the country as a whole in this period was(per 1000).And the total fertility was around six children per woman.There was little urban-rural differential in fertility.

.The Great leap Forward (158161)

During this period, mainly due to policy errors and a nationwide natural calamity, China experienced a large drop in fertility and a large number of excess deaths.The crude birth rate dropped from 4 in 157 to only 18 in 161 while the total fertility rate dropped from 6. to ..

.Post-famine recovery (1617)

In this period - which can also be known as the baby booming period of China - the birth rate and the total fertility rate reached a peak in a 16, as high as 4 and 7.4, respectively, because of compensatory childbearing after the big drop in 158161.Fertility remained high thereafter except in urban areas where it started to decline very rapidly.Urban-rural differentials in fertility first appeared an increased rapidly in this period

Measures

·Chinese government is making great efforts in terms of the family planning. To balance the structure and number of the population, the government is trying to stabilize the fertility level to prevent serious population aging. Does it mean a relaxation of the birth planning policy? The answer is „Yes." The current birth planning policy is a special product of a special period to meet the special needs of overpopulation in China. The Chinese government has realized the negative impact of its current birth planning policy and would like to adjust it. However, because of the huge population size, the incredible number of births annually, and because of the lessons learned in the early 180s, China has to reform its birth planning policy step by step and with great caution.

The government now is decentralizing the birth planning policy from the national level to the local provincial level. All provinces have their own local population and family planning regulations, including regulations for birth planning. The trend toward a slight relaxation of birth planning is observed in these local regulations. Twenty-six of thirty-one provinces allow families in which both husband and wife are only-children to have two children both in rural and urban areas. Because the „one couple, one child" policy has been implemented mainly in urban areas since the early 180s, this adjustment allows for a de facto two-child policy in urban areas, although not all only-children couples would like to have two children. With this policy change, together with the change of the population structure due to the migration from rural to urban areas, it is expected that the fertility of Chinese women will increase slightly in the next decade.

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Solitary reaper

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GN's trip to US

GN informed the EMC about his trip to US and his meetings with various buyers viz. Greg Norman, NFL, Kohls, etc.He appraised that lot of business can be done with Kohls, especially in boxers.Also he felt that there is a big opportunity in terms of stock sales of both knitted T-shirts and boxers in Canada.He proposed that a small office be opened in Canada.

It was agreed that company shall try to reduce its dependency on any one customer.GN informed the EMC that going forward, the buyers may depend largely on domestic suppliers in their country as their deliverables are guaranteed, the turnover is quicker and they give money back guarantee on the goods, which remain unsold.Therefore it was felt necessary that there is an intense need to travel more, to be with customers, so as to have direct interaction with the buyers.GN mooted an idea to have some base in the US by appointing a Resident Representative.However, no decision was taken.GN expressed his views on future of India in the garment business in post quota scenario.He informed that the buyers are bullish about India and there have been protests in U.S. against major imports from China and it is surmised that China will have quota for some more time.However, there is going to be a downward pressure on the prices, which may be upto 0% compared to present levels.

Mr. T.P.S. Bhatia, Knits Supply Chain

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Wastage & Leftover report

1.Details in value terms for wastages should be given.

.Avoidable waste / unavoidable waste in terms of amount should be mentioned.

.The possibility of buying fabric instead of yarn for knitwear was discussed on the suggestion by RJ as he felt that the fabric manufacturer will have much more expertise than us.However no decision was taken.

4.AS was asked to cut the fabrics to exhaust upto 7%.He was also required to establish a system to ensure this.

On time delivery status for fabric and fabric trims

1.Mr. T.P.S. Bhatia presented the summary of OTD status for fabric for the period March 0 - July 0.In July, the OTD status was .1% based on Txf0 benchmark.RD to check from production that this quantum of fabric was OK and in RFC condition.

.The report showed that there was left over fabric of 68 kgs. against a total procurement of 44,5 kgs.Mr. Bhatia to inform GN on 1.07.0 that out of this reject fabric how much was debited to the concerned party.

.GN to take up the issue of conversion of left over fabric in excess of 50 kgs. per combo into garments upto 45% of the original FOB values to the existing clients.

Acceptable Quality Report

1.The report stated that 7% of the deliveries during the period March 0July 0 were OK and no mending was required.This % reported is based on quality check made in fabric store by Mr. Rana.However, it was felt that the mending defects were much more than stated and it comes into light only at the stages of cutting, sewing and finishing.It was agreed that much more deliberation needs to be done among GN, Bhatia, AS to avoid such occurrence(s) as considerable time is lost in this repeated checking.

Mr. Adarsh Sharan, Knits Production

1.AS to change the format for production accounting so as to reflect separately, orders which are in quantum less than 5000 and more than 5000 to give a better idea of cut to ship ratio.Also a benchmark is established.For all orders more than 5000 pcs., the cut to ship ration should be at least % and for all orders less than 5000 pcs. the ratio should be at least 8%

.AS to give a break up of fixed costs and variable costs in the data for cost / pc. in cutting.

.AS to find out the reasons for difference in piece rate in sewing among first floor and second floor as the average sewing cost / pc. for piece rate workers was Rs.17.87 while for second floor it came to Rs..57 (Rs..57 is the cost in June 0 where as difficult production was handled in April and May 0)

4.Anshumaan had handled production of 600 pcs. of stock garments with Woven tailors .The sewing cost per piece at 60% of standard efficiency was calculated at Rs.10.80 per pc. which is way less than the per piece cost of Rs.1.40 in case of salaried workers on the first floor.Assuming this cost of Rs.10.80 per pc. to be correct, it was estimated that the ideal cost per pc. can be pegged down to Rs.6/- per piece @ 0% efficiency.Anshumaan to make actual comparison of bases involved in calculating the costs for salaried workers i.e. between Rs.1.40 & Rs.10.80.

5.Anshumaan has been entrusted to set up an ideal end-of-line (EOL) manufacturing facility with multi-skilled personnel for sewing and finishing out of the existing woven team where the target cost should be Rs.10/- per piece.AS to give him all necessary guidance and provide Anshumaan all needed facility for this.The target for the line to be set up is Saturday, 6th July 00.

6.AS to find out actual CM from other manufacturers in the area as well as South India, Ludhiana and Delhi.

7.AS informed that whenever there is a change in the QC appointed by the Buyer the quality problems come up and frequency of shipment opening increases.Presently there is no proper QA Dept. AS to put up a plan for QA Dept. by Wednesday rd July 00.

8.AS to look into reduction of per pc. cost for finishing.

.The Committee discussed the possibility of elimination of total pc. rate system.For this it was felt that our karigars should be trained for multi-product skilling, which even will include woven karigars working in the knitwear unit.

10.Discussions were made on the possibility of shipping 5% extra, in addition to the order.The knitwear production had decided not to ship 5% extra due to unavailability of adequate quota as actual orders are to be shipped in full.

11.AS to inform GN the extra quota that will be needed to ship 5% extra from the orders to be executed in July & August 0.Also GN OKayed shipping quota of 5000 pcs. for 5% extra basket.

Mr. Anshumaan Bhaskar, Wovens Production

1.AB presented the various data for OTD, production accounting, cost tracking etc.Since the production in the wovens was only to the tune of ,000 pcs.(approx.) the data was not a true representative.

.AB explained the training module for the workers.GN felt that more time "on site" needs to be spent and discuss this in greater detail.AB to specify how many types of maximum operations one person should be trained in.RJ suggested that the Directors and Sr. Managers to visit the training center frequently.

.Anshumaan to find out the details of dead fabric left in the woven stores in order to convert the same into boxers and offer it to our clients at 75 cents per pc.This is to be reported to GN by Monday 1st July 0.

Mr. Vinod Mahindru, Accounts

1.Various key figures on accounts and finance were presented.GN instructed that we should talk to various suppliers for all purchases to avail CD.Mr. Bhatia to initiate the process.

.The data for direct labour payment to show department-wise cost in future.

.A new format to be designed for presentation of data by Accounts in consultation with GN.

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Our Country's Good - A Review of the Show

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The Art is in the History

A review of Our Country's Good

Aboriginal Australians look at their lives as the re-enactment of the journeys and quests taken by ancestor heroes in the Tjukurapa, the Dreamtime, the time before which the earth did not exist. And yet it took less than 75 years of colonization to wipe out most of the people who had occupied the Australian continent for over 40,000 years. The hardships faced by their ancestors could not have prepared them for the boatloads of disease and destruction that landed at Botany Bay in 1788.

In the twenty-eighth year of the reign of King George III (1787), the British Government sent a fleet to colonize Australia. Eleven ships, carrying supplies and almost 1,500 officers, seamen, marines, and convicts, traveled for eight months before reaching New South Wales. Few of the convicts on board were dangerous criminals. Contrary to popular belief, of the 76 convicts shipped out in 1787, not one was convicted of murder or rape, although more than a hundred had been convicted of thefts in which violence or threat had played some part. Also no woman on the First Fleet had been transported for prostitution, as it was not a transportable offense in this day. Over half the women were domestic servants by trade. The vast majority had been convicted of a minor theft. The penalties were severe - generally death by public hanging. Most of the First Fleet convicts had been found guilty of stealing, been sentenced to hang, and then had their sentence commuted to seven years transportation, with the understanding that this was essentially exile for life.

Our Country's Good, by Timberlake Wertenbaker,is based on the novel The Playmaker by Thomas Keneally (also the author of Schindlers List), which uses as it's source the letters and journals of Ralph Clark, Watkin Tench, David Collins, and other First Fleet officers. The characters in this play - convict and officer alike - did indeed exist. The 178 convict production of Farquhars The Recruiting Officer, directed by nd Lieutenant Ralph Clark, is a matter of historical record. But it is more than that. By the accounts of these First Fleet officers, it is a remarkable tale of the power that theatre has to transform and humanize - even those whom society considers unredeemable. The severe adversity Ralph and his cast of convicts overcame to realize the first Australian production of a play is an interesting chapter in the history of this dawning nation.

Our Countrys Good is a script that comes with some fairly daunting issues that the director, designers and company must deal with. A production must avoid the play becoming little more than just a series of small, isolated scenes.To avoid allowing the switches of scene or character to become too focal, and distract the audience from the situation and the story the script presents and the power in it.But its more important to keep the audience focusing on the power of the script, and its attention to the human pain, and potential, involved in the near-hopeless situation of this world.

And it is the technical precision of the production that allows the show to truly work the script never tries to hide the fact that this is theater about theatre.And this theme is clearly and brilliantly executed in this production and is able to work so well because of the commitment of every technical aspect of this show is design in this way.From the Scenic Design by Curtis Trout, which is clearly the deck of a ship, even though only 8 minutes of the show are supposed to happen on the ships, and the way that the flooring is raked in a different direction then the planking runs, creating a slightly unnerving sense of distortion.The lighting design, designed by Trout and junior Noreen Snyder, which includes a set of slides projecting the titles of each of the scenes onto the center of the stage floor gives a similar effect of distortion.The only complete blackouts in the show happen at the end of the two acts which causing the audience to see the actors moving about onstage in preparation for the scene that is about to begin, and break the illusion of truly contained scenes.But I think the most succinct presentation of this theme is in the costumes, designed by Jenilee Houghton, which never try and hide that the actor wearing them is really playing both the role of convict and officer. She is able to do this by layering the costumes literally on top of one anotherintending elements to be recognized and noticed from the apposing character (for example Dabby Bryant's skirt is meant to be completely obvious as she is playing Capt. Tench).

But the real, central strength of this show, the element that carries your attention, is the triumphant ensemble playing.This cast is the epitome of what a good ensemble cast should beeach with roles that are weighty and powerful, but never allowing one to become to dominate in the whole of the play.This concept was emphasized by the fact that director, Sara Freeman, opens and closes the play with the same image, the entire company together presentedno one gets a individual bow, everything is for the good of the ensemble.There was also never an instant when you thought anybody didnt know exactly what their character was doing, and why, and how it fit into the picture of the play.There was never a doubt for an instant, from the moment when the haunting preliminary music took us to Australia, that this was a story worth telling, and one being told by people who believed it worth telling, and thought they could affect us by telling it.

This true story is fascinating in itself, but the play is able to expound the meaning of this incident to become a celebration of the transformational power of the theatre both for the actors and the audience. Theatre can overcome determinist views of character and class by displaying the multiple possibilities of character within each person and revealing social behavior as itself a form of acting. The play avoids the sentimentality of this optimistic notion by simultaneously showing how ingrained the opposition to it is and how hard Clark and the convicts worked to receive it.The very structure of the play reinforces its theme of transformation, in that eleven actors play at least two very distinct roles, this can cause the audience to question how these characters are different.How is it that one body can so easily be both convict and officer?And what is it that makes a person a convict or a criminal, their background or their breading?

Our Country's Good is not a show that will allow you to just sit back and watchit is a show that you must pay-attention too, and think about.But this is a production, that won't leave you disappointed. The real Ralph Clark one wrote in his journal this advice that he had given to the convicts-players after a particularly savage beating, I ask you to keep in mind the play, to cling to the play as the thing which will give you your spirit back" And this production is able to accomplish this lofty ideal.

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FREUDIAN INTERPRETATION OF OTHELLO

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One philosophy from which Shakespeare's Othello can be interpreted is Freudian. This philosophy is based upon the work of Sigmund Freud, a prominent, yet controversial psychoanalyst of the early 0th century. His philosophy is based on his division of the mind and personality.

Freud separated mental experience into three categories the conscious, preconscious and unconscious. The conscious mind is that in which we see and interpret the world. The preconscious mind is all the memories and desires which we aren't currently conscious of, but that we can quickly recall if we want to. The unconscious mind consits of desires and impulses of which we are not aware. Freud believed that the main motivations behind all human behaviours are drives from our unconscious brain.

The Freudian philosophy segregates personality into the ego, the id and the superego. The id is the biological side of the personality, driving the organism to survive to eat, drink, keep warm etc. The ego is basically the organism's reason. It allows it to solve problems, so that it can satisfy the desires of the id. The organism's superego is the organism's memories, divided into the conscience and the ego ideal. The conscience records the cautions and penalties the organism has received, while the ego ideal remembers the organism's positive experiences and rewards.

Sometimes, however, the ego is overwhelmed by the demands placed on it by reality, biology (the id) and society (the superego). When this happens, according to Freud, the ego blocks or distorts painful thoughts and desires, so they cease to harm the ego. There are many different defense systems used by the ego. The main one is repression. Repression is when certain traumatic events cannot be recalled by the conscious mind, but feelings of anxiety are brought up when faced with similar traumas.

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The Freudian philosophy can be applied to the play, Othello.

During actscene 1, Iago insinuates Desdemona's unfaithfulness, and Othello takes the bait. From the Freudian view, Iago manipulates Othello as a result of never having resolved his Oedipal crisis. Othello demonstrates the projection of desires and emotions onto others, in order to defend his ego from the aspects of himself that he would rather not acknowledge.

Throughout this scene, Iago revels in destroying Othello's marriage. He continually degrades Desdemona for infidelity and insults women in general, commenting on their immorality "their best conscience/Is not to leave't undone, but keep't unknown." This shows Iago's general contempt for women. Also throughout this scene, Iago obsessively refers to his love for Othello "My lord, you know I love you," "what is spoke comes from my love." He even fantisises about Cassio "I lay with Cassio lately," going on to describe what appears to be a homosexual fantasy about him "…then laid his leg over my thigh and sighed and kissed…" Iago's hatred for women, love for Othello and mind capacity for erotic homosexual fantasy all suggest that Iago is in fact a homosexual. This homosexuality, in the Freudian view, could drive his will destroy Desdemona and ruin her and Othello's marriage. Iago's primary motive is his jealousy of Desdemona's success with Othello, as Iago himself is in love with the General. According to Freud, this homosexual orientation would result from a failure to resolve the Oedipal complex in childhood. As a child, Iago lusted after his mother, rivaling his father for her attention.Rather than displacing his desire from his mother to other females, he displaced this desire onto males. This occurred because of his inability to identify with the aggressor (his father). This may have occurred for a number of reasons, but the result is ahomosexual orientation that lasts throughout adulthood.

Othello here is quick to pick up on the insinuations Iago makes about Desdemona. In this scene, Othello is the one who reaches conclusions about her and CassioIago never actually accuses them of an affair. This shows that Othello's mind is predisposed to jealousy, as he goes from absolute faith in his wife to an absolute conviction of her guilt in just 7 lines. In line 185 he says, "Nor from mine own weak merits will I draw/The smallest fear or doubt of her revolt." By line 64 he's saying, "She's gone I am abused." According to Freud, seeing desires in other people generally results from an inability to accept such desires within oneself. The likely cause of the rapid fruition of Othello's jealousy is therefore a denial of his own desires. Othello probably lusts after someone else, but, seeing the immorality in his desire, failed to accept that it ever crossed his mind. To defend his ego he projected these desires onto his wife, becoming very suspicious of her interactions with others. Othello then convinces himself of his wife's infidelity by displacing a hatred of himself onto Desdemona. He broods about his race, poor language and age, saying "…I am black/And have not those soft parts of conversation/That chamberers have…I am declined/Into the vale of years…" This demonstrates self-loathing. When he goes on to say "my relief/Must be to loathe her," he means (consciously or unconsciously) that his ego must defend itself by transferring this hatred onto Desdemona. Othello is therefore making his personal unease less threatening by hating Desdemona instead of himself.

In act 5 scene , Othello murders his wife as justice for her infidelity, only to find out that she was innocent, wherein he murders himself. By the Freudian philosophy, in killing her, Othello projects his death instinct out towards Desdemona, and exercises his will for regression when killing himself.

Before Desdemona's murder, Othello speaks of the peace and beauty of death. He speaks of Desdemona's skin as being "smooth as monumental alabaster." Referring to Desdemona as though she were a stone monument suggests his desire to make her still and everlasting, with no more needs or desires. Stone statues are unchanging objects, that remain for centuries without requiring food or desiring other men. In Freud's view, murdering others is an outward projection of an unconscious desire to die. So Othello himself wanted to die, but in projecting his self-hatred to Desdemona, also projected his death instinct.

After murdering Desdemona, Othello shows remorse and devastation, "O Desdemon! Dead Desdemon! Dead! O! O!" Being faced with the stress of unjustly murdering the one he loves, Othello executes justice upon himself. By the Freudian philosophy, when one is faced with stress, they can find relief in regressing to a previous psychological time. By committing suicide, Othello is regressing to a previous psychological timethe time before he was born. The stress of the murder therefore lead him to retreat to the time before birth, where he felt safe and secure. This regression is also a manifestation of the death instinct. In killing himself, Othello projected his death instinct towards himself.

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Coram boy

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¡§A memorable character live with us always' ; Otis Gardiner in Coram Boy lives with us forever.Otis Gardiner in Coram Boy by Jamila Gavin is the most unforgettable character.Otis Gardiner, as known as Philip Gaddarn, his characteristic was special.His words, descriptions and his jobs show his personality.His relationships with his son and the others show his cruelty and his narrow mind.His reinvention and his trade show very remarkable changes in the novel.Everything he does show the way he lives, the way he has always been and his memorability.

Otis Gardiner shows his insolence and impatience in the first words of the book.Readers realise that Otis is a harsh, unforgiving and cruel man from the words he spoken.His words and the way he shouts shows one side how Otis acts.However, readers are told that Otis also has another face that he always shows.Otis could be a very mean man, but he also ¡§could be so attractive, so charming, so sweetly spoken.A young man still, he had wide, appealing, brown eyes and shoulder length red-brown hair drawn back to show off his broad, handsome brow.'Clearly, he is described as a two faced man who can shows two very different characters.He also shows his social skills as he is a very good salesman.¡§By flirting with the wives, bantering with the gentlemen, demonstrating magic tricks to little children, he could persuade a customer to part with twice as much money as they should¡K'Otis is very persuasive, and he is very good at communicate with people.From the first description, we can notice that Otis is a very complex character.

Otis gets his living by calling himself the Coram Man.He always works with his son, Meshak.¡§Part of his father's business as a travelling man was to collect abandoned, orphaned and unwanted children¡K'Otis is known as a pots man, a charity man, and a Coram Man.Women beg him for taking their babies away, and take them to the Coram Hospital.Otis gets paid by promise taking their babies to the Coram Hospital.After he collects the abandoned babies that he gets from the mothers, he ¡§dig a hole deep enough to submerge the bundles.Foxes would do the rest.He wouldn't have bothered burying them had he not taken money for them and given undertakings.'Otis is a cruel and cold blooded man.He buried babies who have died as well as babies who were still alive.As he is an evil murderer, he is also a blackmailer.He asked for more and more money constantly from mothers who have given their babies to him.

Otis always thinks he is ¡§cursed with a son'.Meshak is forced by Otis to dispose of babies that were collected by him.The communication between them is really bad.Otis never cares about his son, but his money.They don't express their feelings to each other.Otis does not educate Meshak much as he treats Meshak as his slave.When Otis works, he always takes Meshak with him. ¡§Otis liked to have his 'idiot' son up next to him during certain transactions.It gave him an air of being a devoted and caring father; a man you could trust and entrust with secrets. Meshak dutifully climbed up next to him.'Meshak do everything that his father told him.Although Otis dislikes his son, he did not abandon him.At the end of the novel, Otis meets his son surprisingly.Otis decides not to kill his son once again.¡§'Take this one to America,' he pointed to Meshak, 'but do what you like with the other two¡K''.Otis is a powerful man, he can decide what his son is going to spend the rest of his life.Meshak knows his father is not a kind man, but he still trusts his dad at last.

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Otis is a very complex person that the relationships between him and the others are very unforgettable.Otis conceals the other side of his character.He is a mean person with a very narrow mind that he always use different ways to treat different people.He has many secrets with the others that he knows who he can rely on.He has some unknown businesses with Mrs. Lynch.He knew he could take many advantages from Mrs. Lynch.As he is a well known Coram Man, he also needs a 'partner' in the Coram Hospital, Sarah Wood.Otis ¡§kept all babies from well-to do families¡K¡KIt has been Otis' idea that Sarah Wood should take in the infants he brought to the back door instead of the front¡K' This is part of Otis' business, and he uses the others for his own goods.He always takes advantages from the others, and readers can know more about his character from the relationship between Otis and the others.

Readers know very well about Otis Gardiner in the first part of the novel.In the second part, Otis appears in another identity.He is known as Mr. Philip Gaddarn, and he looks like a gentleman.He doesn't change what he used to do.He is still a blackmailer, and he also sells children especially Coram boys and girls.Otis's change is perfect, and nobody even suspect until Otis and Meshak meet after a long period of time.Meshak stays in the Coram hospital with Aaron since he left his father.At the very end of the novel, Otis (Mr. Gaddarn) meets Meshak and he starts to worry.Mr. Gaddarn ¡§wanted to believe that Meshak was of no danger to him but it was unfinished business and, until he knew where he was, he felt threatened to the quick.He must get the lad back in his power or dispose of him.'Otis's reinvention is the biggest secret that cannot be known by anyone else.¡§Otis Gardiner had admitted killing all babies he had collected that day from the district ¡V and even he was long dead, hanged from the gallows at the crossroads and left to rots as an example.' Otis has known be to dead, but he change his identity to Mr. Gaddarn and this saves his life.This is the reason that no one must about this but he can't make sure that his simpleton son won't find out the truth.

Otis's trade is one of the main parts of the novel.In the beginning, he collects children and money from their mothers, and he buried them.After his reinvention, he still gets his living in a similar way.He doesn't kill children immediately, but he sells them as slaves.He sells Coram Girls as well as boys.Usually, he deals with some partners and also middlemen.¡§¡KI want three hundred pounds minimum¡Kthe Coram girls will not be only be pure as the day they were born, but free of disease and educated as well.Not just riff-raff¡KI'll guarantee Coram girls.Boys too.I want no less than three hundred pounds a head for them.If any of them is found to be diseased or imperfect in mind or body, they can have their money back¡K'Otis expects high paid from the buyers and he can also forge some documents and giving false addresses to the Coram hospital as records.

The ending with Otis happens quietly.As Philip Gaddarn is also known as Otis, he ¡§vanished just like Otis Gardiner had'.He ¡§had never been caught to face justice'.

Meshak, Aaron and Toby are sold as slaves and at last, Toby and Aaron are thrown into the sea sadly, but it doesn't mean that they are died.Otis doesn't kill his son and the children immediately, but he decided to sends his own son far away from him.

At last, Otis leaves everything silently.Jamila Gavin did not express a very strong feeling of the endings of Otis.Readers may have their own feelings and different people may have different opinions on the ending of the novel.

Please note that this sample paper on Coram boy is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Coram boy, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Coram boy will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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How Important Is Religion In Explaining The Differences Between Civilisations?

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The term and definition of a 'civilisation' is one that has been debated and questioned time and again. For an individual to find a one true definition of the word civilisation is almost impossible. A civilization is a cultural entity. "Regions, ethnic groups, nationalities, and religious groups all have distinct cultures, and all of these play a part in shaping a civilization. Civilizations are created from groups of people who share common religions, values, ethnicities, and historical memories, or are brought together geographically." (Rosen.H) Civilisations are difficult to define because they are by nature slippery; not only are they large, amorphous entities but they also change over time, shedding and acquiring not only characteristics but also geographical regions.'(Melleuish G).

Some academics believe that we will never be able to exactly define what civilisations are. This is because they are large entities that change considerably acquiring new characteristics, and changing geographically over time. It is hard for anyone to define civilisation, and even harder to fit a certain group of people in any definition of civilization.The lines dividing civilisations are often blurred, and it is increasingly difficult to divide the world into certain civilisations.

Basic to the human condition is the need to explain.Humanity has always had a sense of the

Supreme being.There is not a culture in the world, now or in the past that has not had some concept of a supreme being.This is why there is a tendency for people to define civilisations by religion. People need to define their situation and give it boundaries, and do the same for other situations. Using religion can be a way of achieving this.

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Religion is used to explain many things about person and cultures behaviour. It is very easy for someone to use religion to explain what makes one people group (and its sense of civilisation) go to war in an effort to conquer another people group. Religion has often determined the social order within a civilisation, and may help some people to define themselves.However using religion to define civilisation can be ineffective.

Huntington in his article "The Clash of Civilisations" argues that Civilisations should be resistant to change and have no desire to convert top the religion of another civilisation. Melleuish however points out "we are living through one of the great ages of missionary activity" (Melleuish, 000). Most people do not follow the same religion as their ancestors had 000 years ago.

Throughout history, religions have had a tendency to jump civilisations.The Middle East was once a Christian stronghold, and Spain was once an Islamic state.This is no longer the case however, yet there are still civilisations in the Middle East and Spain.

People can and have often used religion to define civilisations to put groups of people a certain group, and use religion to explain cultures behaviour.Dividing Civilisations by religion is at a glance, is a very simple solution to a complex problem, however it ignores many important factors, which are vital in determining a civilisation. One issue that exposes tribulations with the use of religion, as a catalyst for differentiation is the multicultural nature of allot of today's nations.

People talk about the Islamic world or the Western world which is often defined to be the Christian world.Civilizations are very hard to divide by religion, given the diversities within each society as well as the linkages among different countries and cultures.

One example of this would be India. India is often described as a Hindu civilization. However, India has the third largest Muslims population in the world after Indonesia and Pakistan.It is futile to try to understand Indian art, literature, music, food or politics without seeing the extensive interactions across barriers of religious communities.These include Hindus and Muslims, Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs, Parsees, Christians Jews, and even atheists and agnostics. (Sen.A)

Throughout history, religion has been used as motivation during times of war. People are encouraged to fight under a religious banner, such as when soldiers under the banner of Catholicism took control of Spain, which at the time was an Islamic state.Another example is the battle of Lepanto, in which the holy league, made up of many Christian nations, fought under the banner of the cross against the Ottomans who fought under the banner of the crescent moon of Islam.Religion was used in these cases to separate the two civilisations, and to motivate the forces by giving them the impression that a divine power was protecting them and helping them in battle.

Using Religion as a way of dividing civilisations is a very inaccurate way of dividing the world.Throughout history, Muslims have fought Muslims and forged alliances with Christians.Christians have fought Christians and Forged alliances with Muslims.

Throughout history, the two religions have clashed, or more accurately, people who follow their respective religions have clashed due to their different views. However, it is human nature to fight against things that are different. Wars have been fought over ideals, economic systems and views on slavery.

Dividing Civilisations by religion is at a glance, a very simple solution to a complex problem. It is a way for people to define their environment, which may seem simple, however it ignores many important factors, which need to be considered if one is to define a civilisation. There are other factors that are of equal or greater importance that need to be considered, such as "the cultural aspects of the civilisation, economic factors, alliances with other nations, positioning on the globe and so on." (Pember. B) Religion alone is an insufficient method of differentiating between civilisations.

There is no doubt that using religion as a way for differentiation between civilisations and cultures is important and valuable. However, "using religion alone will not be desirable as there are many problems and flaws that need to be answered by other means. Things like the population make up of the nation, the ease of transfer and change of religion and the ability of religion to change civilisations leave holes in the use of religion that can only be answered by other means."(Pember. B) The way a civilisations culture has developed, its history, its advancements and its attitudes towards other civilisations all help define a civilisation.

Civilisations come out of interaction of human culture and their environments.Plasticity of human response to situations they have to face, environmental circumstances within which they have to live.

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Chemistry in Human

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Everyday, when you get up in the morning, you keep doing the thing you always do¡­ go to bathroom, wash your face, put on your cloth, finish you breakfast in seconds¡­ But how many of you have ever though about what exactly you are doing, or why you do that, what will happen after you do those things.

Nobody really cares about those. They just say those are the things that you have to do. Human body is the most amazing thing in the world.Once they really understand what's going on, they will say¡± WoW! ¡± To tell you the truth, it is all about Chemistry. Here is some research I did for chemistry in human body, let's say ¡°WoW¡± together.

In our life the most frequently occurring chemical elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen and oxygen built up water, which is the most important compound in life. In human body, 7% is water. Earth the planet we are living on is often called the water planet because about 70 percent of it is covered by water. Water is transparent which allows light to filter into the oceans. This allows for aquatic plants to absorb light and perform photosynthesis. Since the ancestor of all plants originated in the ocean, the transparency of water has had an immeasurable influence on life as we know it. Water is also cohesive, that is it binds to itself, due to the polarity of the water molecule. The positive, hydrogen side of the molecule binds to the negative, oxygen side of another water molecule. This bond is called a hydrogen bond thus, a glass of water could be considered one giant molecule, because all of the water molecules inside of it are bonded to one another. This property allows for transport of water against gravity in plants. Water is the universal solvent because it is capable of dissolving many organic and inorganic particles. All the reactions in cells must take place in aqueous solution. Waters polarity also inhibits movement of its molecules. Since all the molecules are connected, they cannot freely move about as other, nonpolar molecules do. Heat, the kinetic energy of molecules, is thus restricted and so water has a high specific heat (it must absorb large amounts of energy in order to change states). This means that water can serve as a temperature insulator, and does so in organisms of all kinds. For example, our bodies use water in for of sweat to lower body temperature. The sweat absorbs a large amount of heat, and then evaporates carrying that heat away from the body.

Also there is a variety of other elements are needed by living organisms including nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, iron and sodium. Nitrogen is a major element of proteins and nucleic acid (for DNA and RNA). Calcium is necessary for bone and tooth formation, blood clotting, and nerve impulse transmission. Phosphorus is also used for bone and tooth formation, and to balance acid and base concentrations in the body. Iron is a part of hemoglobin, a molecule needed to carry oxygen in the blood. Sodium balances both of water in the body and acid/base concentration. It also functions in nerve function.

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In our organic body, enzymes act a very important roll. An enzyme is a globular protein functioning as a biological catalyst. An active site is the site on the surface of an enzyme to which substrate or substrates bind. An enzyme has an active site that fits with one specific substrate, like a lock and key. Enzymes as Biological Catalysts In cells and organisms most reactions are catalyzed by enzymes, which are regenerated during the course of a reaction. These biological catalysts are physiologically important because they speed up the rates of reactions that would otherwise be too slow to support life. Enzymes increase reaction rates--- sometimes by as much as one million fold, but more typically by about one thousand fold. Catalysts speed up the forward and reverse reactions proportionately so that, although the magnitude of the rate constants of the forward and reverse reactions is are increased, the ratio of the rate constants remains the same in the presence or absence of enzyme. Since the equilibrium constant is equal to a ratio of rate constants, it is apparent that enzymes and other catalysts have no effect on the equilibrium constant of the reactions they catalyze. Enzymes increase reaction rates by decreasing the amount of energy required to form a complex of reactants that is competent to produce reaction products. This complex is known as the activated state or transition state complex for the reaction. Enzymes and other catalysts accelerate reactions by lowering the energy of the transition state. The free energy required to form an activated complex is much lower in the catalyzed reaction. The amount of energy required to achieve the transition state is lowered; consequently, at any instant a greater proportion of the molecules in the population can achieve the transition state. The result is that the reaction rate is increased.For all enzymes, there is an optimum temperature at which the maximum amount of collisions occur in the active sites. As the temperature decreases, there is less movement and fewer collisions, so enzyme activity decreases. There is a limit to which the enzyme activity can increase because at a certain temperature the enzymes denature. This means that the enzyme changes shape and no longer fits with its substrate. Also, as the substrate concentration increases, so does the enzyme activity, but there is also a limit to the increase in enzyme activity because there is a limit to how quickly the enzymes can catalyze each reaction. There is a specific pH at which the enzyme will denature, and so pH also plays a part in enzymatic activity. Enzymes are found in all tissues and fluids of the body. Intracellular enzymes catalyze the reactions of metabolic pathways. Plasma membrane enzymes regulate catalysis within cells in response to extra cellular signals, and enzymes of the circulatory system are responsible for regulating the clotting blood. Almost every significant life process is dependent on enzyme activity. Now you can see the importance of enzyme.

At last let's talk about the most important system in human body¡ªthe nerve system. Basically it is about the concentration of Ca+ and K+ in you neuron, to produce a electric potential. The electric potential passes down to synapse, open the calcium channel to let the calcium ion flow into the presynaptic neuron. The calcium ions induce the neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse to the presynaptic membrane. Neurotransmitters bind to neurotransmitter receptors on the post-synaptic membrane. This depolarizes the membrane and induces an action potential in the post synaptic neuron. The neurotransmitters are finally released by the neurotransmitter receptors and are either broken down by acetyl cholinesterase on the post synaptic membrane, or taken back up into the presynaptic neuron. The calcium that transferred created a new electric potential that pass on.

Amazing, isn't it? Studying chemistry will let you see how the world is going, what is happening. And also let you to know yourself better. Everything happening around you, around the world, is basically chemistry. So it makes chemistry one of the most important science subjects of all!

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The Two Faces of the Human Condition

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When it comes to golf comedies, not a very popular genre surely, I'm sure the first thought that comes to mind is the dubious pinnacle of Rodney Dangerfields ¡°Caddyshack¡±. The new release, ¡°Happy Gilmore¡± featuring Saturday Night Live host Adam Sandler, tries gamely to attain ¡°Caddyshacks¡± level. And though it may not be very inspiring to some viewers, however you can certainly expect witty confrontations¡­and for it to leave you chuckling at the¡­well perhaps the plain absurdity of the film. This is because ¡°Happy Gilmore¡± is a film of sophisticated wit, subtle nuances, deftly delivered humour, and carefully crafted characters.

Goodafternoon Ladies and Gentlemen, fellow executives and the board of directors of Network Ten. My name is Carol Chan and it is my absolute pleasure to be here this afternoon, on behalf of Robert Simonds, to promote his newest production, a comedy titled ¡°Happy Gilmore¡±. As a sales executive for Universal Pictures, I have thoroughly researched your television station and understand that your channel attracts viewers by entertaining them with movie nights, previewing a ¡°hit¡± film. Network Ten is particularly renowned for screening popular soapies and films to maintain the viewer's attention for your station. Without a doubt, the relevance of this movie, together with the various cleverly created comedy techniques and light-hearted humour situated within, will certainly be a big hit as an inclusion for your stations' schedule. Broadcasting this movie would definitely be a profitable proposal and will assuredly benefit your ratings by increasing them phenomenally!!!

As you may have realised, movies play a major role in society today. Considering that they build extensive structures, known as cinemas ofcourse, just to present these quick flicks that last only a measlyhours, wouldn't you have to agree with me that these creations obviously are popular and demanding in society today? Now, my purpose here today isn't to convince you into constructing cinemas or something, BUT for you to realise the significance of films and broadcasting them, ¡°Happy Gilmore¡± in particular, would definitely advantage your network. Films tend to have the advantage of capturing the viewer's attention as it does not require, like soapies or dramas, an understanding from previous episodes. Classified as a PG film, with parental guidance recommended, this movie can be featured as a family film, one that can be shared within the members of the household. ¡°Happy Gilmore¡± will without doubt fulfil the standards and requirements for a satisfying family film in society today.

Let me provide you now with a brief excerpt from this film, one that will immediately introduce you to the main actor, Adam Sandler, otherwise known as Happy Gilmore. Just by viewing the introduction to this film, it is obvious that it will evolve around stupidity and humour. The storyline proceeds with Happy attempting to pursue his ideal career as a hockey player, and obviously, he doesn't succeed. However, soon discovering his inner skill and potential he has for golf as a career, he engages this potential to make big money through participating in golf tournaments by making a strike with his dominating swings that last for 400 foot drives- not an easy task indeed. Through his tournaments, he meets his attractive PR girlfriend Virginia, played by Julie Bowen and provokes the arrogant golf pro Shooter, played by Christopher McDonald. He who is embarrassed by the presence of such an uncouth player takes immoral actions to undermine Gilmore's chances of winning, as he feels pressured and endangered by his presence. Although it doesn't cover broad themes, however it provides as a great source of comedy entertainment¡­one that can be trusted for golf entertainment especially.

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This movie will definitely attract kids viewing because it is a goofy movie starring Adam Sandler who will be a big draw in particular. As recognised from his previous crackers, like Billy Madison, it is evident that Sandler has some aptitude for physical comedy and energy thats undeniable. ¡°Happy Gilmore¡± utilises satire in particular to provoke amusement. Exploiting golf players and the sport golf as a whole, the film changes the stupidity and boredom of this sport into laughter. Happys' bits on the course in particular satirises golf through his swings and clothing, which also proved to be the best part of the film, as Im sure everyone whos attempted to master the game has wanted to scream at the ball like Happy does. It then exhibits the frustration by including profanity, where two prolonged scenes of televised coverage of Happy's golf game bleeps out a barrage of f and s words that are partially heard, concealed by ¡°beeps¡±. Notwithstanding, the grossly exaggeration of Happys swings, which in turn serves as a source of constant amusement, sends the golf ball soaring in the sky like a blasting rocket, over the green hills and mountains then landing either through a window, or a hole in one!!! And who can forget the ridiculous inclusion of slapstick or farce settings in the ¡°Bob Barker VS Gilmore¡± scene where punches and kicks are thrown from head to toe. This scene also includes parody, making the original version seem ridiculous, which in this case being a short take off of ¡°Texas Chainsaw Massacre¡±. Nevertheless the techniques included creating humour works effectively as it leaves the viewer chuckling over the proposed scenes.

I would strongly suggest for you to schedule this film on weekends, of which Friday nights would be most desirable as this is the most appropriate time for family gatherings, in particular family movies. A time perhaps around 8.00 or 8.0 would be ideal for the featuring of this film because this is when family members are together, perched on the couch to enjoy the movie. Without doubt, between 7.00-8.0 timeslot would be most demanding, as this is the time when most viewers are attracted and switched onto the TV program. Therefore, it is strongly recommended for the film to be situated towards 8.00pm, following the smash hit soapies and dramas. This will entice viewers to be attached to your program, which accordingly increases your ratings for the night. It is obvious that this film is targeted towards everyone, as it seems appealing for both the young and old. Thus there are no set targeted audiences, as there are no restrictions towards the viewers for this movie, as I'm sure everyone will enjoy this film despite their age.

In concluding to this presentation, I strongly urge you to consider this proposal. Everyone is easily seduced by comedy films, and this time, by including the wacky Adam Sandler, will assuredly boost the attraction of this film for your viewers. Ultimately as I've mentioned before, this would most certainly be a profit for your organisation as it would definitely increase your ratings significantly. On behalf of Universal Pictures, I thank-you very much for your time and patience in allowing me this opportunity to be here today, as we patiently await for your kind consideration- Thankyou.

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Bali: POV

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The Red Cross' bombing bombshell

The Red Cross' handling of the Bali Funds served to

undermine what could have been a key moment in

the Australian people's attitude to giving.

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October the 1th 00 saw the most direct and aggressive terrorist attack on Australia ever. For days after the now infamous Bali Bombing, Australian television screens were littered with images of brothers and sisters and mothers and fathers being pulled out of wreckage, bearing injuries that they will live with forever. These images touched something deep within the Australian psyche because in the two weeks following the atrocious attacks, the benevolent members of our community donated over $14 million to the Red Cross fund for Bali victims. The Red Cross promised that this money would be used in providing direct assistance to the victims. However, the Red Cross failed in keeping this promise for only a small portion of the funds was distributed among survivors. This betrayal of the public's trust has destroyed what could have been a pivotal moment in Australia's attitude to giving.

Australians are proud of their reputation for looking after the 'battler'we have all heard John Howard express his compassion for the 'battlers' among us. But this may not necessarily be the case. Compare Australia to America who, by contrast, is perceived to admire the wealthy and mistreat the downtrodden. In reality, however, America gives 1% of GDP to charity compared to Australia's measly .5% of GDPso much for the 'battler'.

Australians have a deeply held view that those in need seek help from the public purse. This is a result of a historically generous welfare system. Governments over the past century have developed systems of welfare for single mothers, the unemployed, disadvantaged, homeless and for those whose parents have died serving the country. Although these schemes are noble and supportive, they have developed within Australians the idea that those in need will always get a crutch from the government. This is not always the case. In the Bali situation, government compensation was barely enough to support victims, some of who needed to purchase limbs costing upwards of sixty thousand dollars.

After the Bali bombings, however, Australians gave healthy amounts of money in a short period of time, which, given the preceding statistic, was highly out of character for the Australian people. As such, the Bali bombing could have served as a turning point in Australians' attitude towards humanitarian causes. The way the Red Cross handled the donated money served to undermine what was a key moment in the Australian attitude to giving.

People today are less likely to answer a distressed scream in a nearby alley, and there is only a slight chance that anyone is going to help you if you are being mugged on the way home from work. Over the past thirty years, our society has become more individualistic and insular. But the Bali bombing changed this. Our attitudes to others changed. We cared more about other peoples' conditions than we usually do, which gave our community a more unified feeling. But this was damaged by the misdoings of the charity that was, for a short period of time, the centre point of this social unity.

In the weeks and months that followed the accumulation of funds, the Red Cross promised that it would spend 0 per cent of the money donated in providing direct assistance to the victims. But only a fraction of the $14 million was administered to victims. $ thousand was used in assisting victims residing in Bali and $. million in Australia. Along with $400 thousand administrative costs and $8 thousand used to fund research for future blast victims, we still have $11 million unaccounted for.

An organisation that has always been a pillar in the area of community service and charity that depends on donations from the public, cannot afford such a fiasco within their organisation. It was incredible that in a world where charities spend fifty to eighty cents of every dollar on advertising and administrative costs so many Australians donated their hard-earned money. The Red Cross is a world-renowned organisation that has, since World War II, helped many people in need. Because of this fiasco it would be surprising if Australians ever donate on such a magnitude again. The Red Cross needed to be more open in telling donors about the funds. To merely shrug off those diligent enough to inquire with phrases like we're still working with the government to allocate funds and the money has nearly run out is simply unacceptable.

The Australian government should have played a role in this fiasco by inquiring into the Red Cross' financial dealings. American state governments keep charity registration records and assess financial dealings of charities at random times during the year. This is done in order to make sure these organisations stick to their charters and keep within the legal limits on the use of donors' money for administrative costs. Ourgovernment should adopt a system similar to the Americans' to make sure such a debacle never happens again. Perhaps a government charity watchdog like this would promote donating by guaranteeing that aid organisations will stick to their mission statements.

The Red Cross' handling of the Bali money has been atrocious and the wider social implications will be more far reaching than anything else. Wounds will heal, compensation will be found. But Australians may never give as much again. This was a pivotal moment in our philanthropic history and it was ruined by an organisation that thousands of Australians trusted. This issue will also damage Australians' trust in other charities. Next time a trust is set up to help blast victims who have lost limbs, or war widows, or even single mothers trying to make ends meet, Australians will be questioning the trust they place in these organisations and questioning the amount they donate.

Phileas Fogg,

Burlington Gardens

Statement of IntentionA piece intended to present a point of view persuasively

The Bali bombings was a devastating event that has affected Australians more directly than any other terrorist attack - which is why it shocked me so that the Red Cross could 'misplace' so much money raised for the victims, in the name of the victims. Furthermore, I felt that this fiasco has undermined what could have been a key moment in Australian's attitude to giving. The Red Cross added revolt to injury.

With this basis and the amount of information in the media, this issue was a perfect one to write a point of view on. Although, my particular piece must be taken in the context of the week or so after the victims appeared in the media demanding money [May to early June] because the Red Cross later responded and somewhat settled the issue of the whereabouts of the money.

This point of view ended up reading like an opinionated editorial you would read in The Age or a subdued extended letter to the editor, also found in The Age; so the intended audience is going to be the same (readers of The Age).

I chose to focus on the social implications of this fiasco, opposed to the human side (which is something that the Herald Sun may concentrate on; not that there's anything wrong with that). No particular persona has been adopted, despite the name at the bottom of the article. Besides, I don't recall a 1th century literary character being the editor of The Age.

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