Walden Two

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Walden Two

Walden Two, written by Burrhus Frederic Skinner, explains how a better way of life can be achieved through behavioral engineering. The founder of Walden Two, T. E. Frazier, is a man who believes that through experimentation and manipulation of child development that even the most fundamental actions and behaviors can be changed. Upon the arrival of his guests Frazier explains in great detail the ideas and practices used in Walden Two. While touring the community his guests learn how the new born children are raised and educated, and how by increasing efficiency the number of hours worked can be drastically reduced.

The children that are born into Walden Two receive a much different childhood than the average child. To begin with, instead of parents showing only special care and attention to their own children they are expected to treat all of the children at Walden Two as their own. This allows people who would normally be unable to have children to still participate in the development and success of further generation at Walden Two. Since the children are raised by multiply parent figures if allows the child to be exposed to a variety of different personalities and increases the social ties between members of the community.

From the time of birth until the age of one the children are kept in a very controlled atmosphere. The air temperature is kept at a consistent eighty-eight to ninety degrees and there is no clothing or bedding to make the child uncomfortable. From the ages of one to three the children are still kept in a controlled environment but minimal clothing and bedding are introduced. Also at this age the behavioral engineering begins. One of the earliest lessons taught is self control. In order to teach self control the children are given lollipops but unable to eat them until a later time. During this time the games and other activities are played in order to take the child's mind off of the lollipop. Once the children learn that instant gratification is not always the best solution they are allowed to indulge. But before they do they are asked to "examine their own behavior while… noticing any gain in happiness or any reduction in tension" (Skinner, 176, p. 8). Along with learning self control the children are also taught to not be envious or jealous. Once children reach the age of six all of the behavioral engineering is complete and they begin to live in small alcoves in groups of three to four. With frequent changes in room assignments the children adapt to living with different roommates and living in different environments. Once children reach the age of thirteen they are able to either build their own rooms onto the main building or inhabit an existing unused room. Also at this age children are likely to get married and have children depending on their own level of maturity.

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Not only is the way children are raised unusual compared to American standards but also the way they are educated is quite strange. In American schools "the ordinary teacher spends a good share of time changing the cultural and intellectual habits which the child acquires from its family" (Skinner, 176, p.10). At Walden Two the family culture and the culture taught at schools is the same, therefore time and energy are saved. Also the development of children is individual. Children can progress in any subject as quickly or as slowly as they feel. Since jealousy and envy have been eliminated at Walden Two even the children who progress slower than normal do not feel inferior or incapable. Another interesting point of education at Walden Two is how the children learn. Instead of having a teacher stand at the front of a class room and lecture on a specific subject they teach the children the skills they need to learn on there own. Using this method teaching can be very successful because it allows the children to study what they are interested in and at a pace that is comfortable. This method of schooling also avoids the boredom and redundancy of most school systems.

At Walden Two all members have a daily choice of what kind of work they would like to do. As the Walden Two code states every member must complete at least four labor credits per day but does not specify what job has to be done. Instead of having one set job that an individual does for a lifetime the members of Walden Two get to choose between jobs such as working in the flower gardens, cleaning windows, harvesting crops, or a variety of other jobs. Even though some jobs are more enjoyable than others, and other jobs require more labor, in the end all jobs come out equal. For every job that has to be done there is a labor credit that goes along with it. For example, working in the flower gardens is a fairly enjoyable job so it would receive a low number of labor credits such as 1/. For a job that is not as desirable, such as cleaning the toilets, a larger number of labor credits would be given, such as . Buy changing the number of labor credits a certain job receives the community is able to make less desirable jobs more attractive. When members are able to work either in the gardens, which would require working eight hours per day, or in the restrooms, which would only require working two hours per day, a more fulfilling atmosphere is created. In the end whether working in the garden or cleaning toilets the same number of labor credits is earned.

Walden Two promotes a society that is equal in every aspect. Even though there are planners and managers they are not looked up to or treated with any special treatment. The planners are in charge of making sure that the community runs smoothly as well as handling any political or other outside affairs. Even though they are responsible for the operation of the community they only receive two work credits. The other two hours that they are responsible for daily have to be worked off doing some sort of menial labor. Managers, who are in charge of specific fields such as running the dairy farm, growing healthy crops, and ensuring clean drinking water also, have greater responsibilities. Even though Managers and planners have more responsibilities than the average member they still receive no special treatment. The incentive to become a manager or planner lies in the pride and joy that one gets from hard work and dedication.

Part Two

In todays fast pace world of global corporations, internet access, and more and more advertisements the idea of behavioral engineering has not been taken seriously. To some extent behavioral engineering has been utilized by company's to persuade customers into thinking that they always need the newest trends. Car Company's, clothe manufacturers, and many other business use different types of behavioral engineering to change their customers likes and dislike. Buy repeatedly showing the most attractive people next to newest merchandise, a sense of want first arises in the customer followed by the sense of need. Consumers rarely need the newest products but often find themselves buying them because they are either swayed buy the commercials or by their peers. Manufacturers understand that they are able to change people's wants through behavioral engineering and are able to make great profits from it.

What Frazier has tried to do at Walden Two is not make profits from behavioral engineering but instead create a better way of life. Instead of trying to persuade people to buy into a product he allows people to buy into a new lifestyle. Buy eliminating what is thought to be natural instincts such as competition, jealousy, lust, and buy instilling a new sense of self control, pride, and freedom he is able to create a utopia.

Instead of the average forty to sixty hour week, Frazier's offers a very relaxed twenty-eight hour work week. Once a job becomes less boring and more interesting along with greater personal and communal satisfaction jobs that would normally take eight hours can be cut down to four. Also in Walden Two jobs are able to change daily so there is never any repetitious work or lack of things to learn. As a result of the more efficient working conditions personal interests and goals are more easily achieved. Not only has the amount of work decreased significantly but also the individual responsibility of parents has decreased.Instead of parents raising only their children they are expected to treat every child as their own. Multiple parents have many beneficial outcomes that aren't always achievable in single family homes. Each year thousands of children suffer from child abuse and malnourishment but in Walden Two that does not exist. Walden Two teaches people to put aside individual concerns and think about the community as a whole. When everyone is working for the good of the community the standard of living is raised and there is no longer suffering.

Behavioral engineering is a science that has not been greatly studied but deserves to be researched more fully. Companies have only begun to see the possibilities of what behavioral engineering is. They are able to consistently change their customer's patterns of thought on what to buy so therefore there should be some way to change a person's behavior through the science of engineering.

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Mill and Utilitarianism

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According to act utilitarianism, you are required to perform the action which maximizes overall happiness, that is, the overall amount of happiness. However, it faces objections from two directions; first, from the personal concerns, and second from the moral principles concerning justice, rights, and equality, which all rest on the individual.In order to properly interpret these ideas I will use hypothetical exams, and give my view on the situation along with those of what I believe Mill would do.

In order to begin interpreting these examples we must first learn some of the doctrine's of utilitarianism that deal with justice. One widely used doctrine is the doctrine of negative responsibility. This doctrine states that you (or the individual partaking in the example/event) are responsible for things that he/she fails to prevent as they are for things they might bring upon themselves. So, for example, you do not want to slaughter a pig because you feel that it is wrong. Ultimately someone will slaughter that pig, and whether or not you decided to do it or have someone else do it you are still responsible for the death of the pig. As utilitarianism sees it, you are responsible for an event no matter what your decision is. Different philosophers such as Williams believe that it would be an obvious decision to shoot the pig. However, this is only true in 'single-level' versions of act utilitarianism. Mill on the other hand, uses a multi-level version of act utilitarianism. Multi-level versions suggest that people should use customary moral principles to guide their action. As discussed in previous papers, rule utilitarianism states that the right action agrees with a set of rules that are generally accepted in their society or culture. This multi-level version of utilitarianism sounds like it is more of rule utilitarianism rather than act utilitarianism. So for the sake of this paper I will classify Mill as being a rule utilitarian.

Now with doctrines and views aside we may look at certain examples that, I believe, will help describe, interpret, and clarify justice in a utilitarian point of view. Keep in mind that Mill believes that individuals justice origins from their conformity to law. Simply stating that individuals already have a picture of what is just and what is not by the laws and religions they follow in their society. This I believe is entirely true. Therefore, some of my views on certain situations may quite similar to Mill's.

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Example one deals with Ralph and Carl. Ralph is a qualified physicist with a wife and two young children who is finding it hard to find a job. One of Ralph's friends tell him he can get him a job working for the government designing a particle accelerator that will be the driving force in the development of a weapon of mass destruction. Ralph has a neutral opinion on war, but strongly feels against weapons that needlessly murder many civilians. Ralph's friend informs him that if he does not take the job someone else will take the job and eventually the research and weapon will be produced.

Carl is on an excursion in South Africa. As he is hiking through the woods one day and he finds that a brutal military leader has lined up ten random tribesmen. The military leader tells Carl that he is going to kill these 10 men. However, the military leader gives Carl a choice; if Carl picks one tribesman to be shot the otherwill be let free. If he does not then they all die.

What to do what to do? Before we divulge into Mill's theory lets see what other philosopher's have had to say in similar situations. Bernard Williams, who began what is known as the "integrity objection" would state that Ralph should take the job and Carl should shoot the tribesman. Again these choices should be obvious according to Williams, and as stated above, these fall under the single-level versions of act utilitarianism. If Ralph does not take the job and the weapon is produced and kills a million people Ralph is still held responsible for the deaths of those people because of the negative responsibility doctrine of utilitarianism.

In order to describe Mill's view on justice we must use another example. This example and many derivations that have been used in class therefore it will best suit my needs for explaining Mill's take on justice. The "escape goat" example is a quite simple one. Let's say a police chief is in charge of a town that has a serial killer on the loose. The town is becoming afraid and angry at the chief for not catching the serial killer and keeping the town safe. The chief has two options. The first option is that he could find an innocent person (the escape goat) to pin the murders on so that the town will feel safe and maximize the town's overall happiness. Or, he can stay honest and continue looking for the real serial killer as the town becomes more and more enraged.

Mill would not agree that pinning the murders on an escape goat would not benefit the town because it may very well backfire on the chief. What if the serial killer struck again after the chief proclaimed he caught the serial killer? Or if the word leaked out that the chief had pinned the murders on an innocent person? The credibility of the chief would disappear, and now he has made the town even madder at him than they were to begin with.

My view agrees with Mill's on this situation. I believe that by pinning the murder on an innocent person would hurt his town rather than helping it. By pinning the murder on someone undeserving he will lull his town into a false sense of security which will leave the citizens more prone to an attack. Now if the word got out that he did just pin the murders on an innocent person not only will the town be disgusted with him, but they will find it very hard to believe him the next time he actually catches the real criminal. So not only is he hurting his town, but he is hurting himself in the long run. Short term happiness is maximized however; long term happiness is drastically minimized.

In chapter five Mill describes the origin of our sense of justice. Mill's argument is very persuasive and agreeable. He believes that morality has its origin in conformity to law. That first the laws were set and then the notion of legal obligation began to take place. This obligation to follow these laws created a sense of or moral obligation. Because it was felt that those laws ought to exist. Mill differentiates between perfect and imperfect obligations. An imperfect obligation, such as being generous, are actions that if done would be considered "nice". Perfect obligations are cases in which we are expected to act. So giving money or food to a beggar on the street would be considered, in our society, as an imperfect obligation. Not killing that beggar would be considered a perfect obligation.

The clear line Mill draws in order to separate different actions is hard to adapt to every society. Let's say there is a tribe that deems it a crime not to help out your fellow man even if he is begging for money. Giving that beggar money is no longer an imperfect obligation but rather a perfect one. How about the other extreme? Let's say that the society that finds aided suicide as a "generous" action. The society feels that helping end someone's misery is a very nice action. Now murder becomes an imperfect obligation. In another example abortion can be looked at as an imperfect obligation.It is not universally accepted as the right course of action. All doctors do not have to offer the service. Yes, it is a law that a woman is free to choose an abortion. But that does not make it morally right. Therefore doctors may choose to offer the service or not to offer the service. The doctors that feel it is totally a woman's right and feel that it is a valuable service that should be available are the ones who practice abortions. Those who oppose abortions stay clear of it. I believe this makes abortion an imperfect obligation. Everyone is not expected to abide by it therefore; it cannot be a perfect obligation.

As you can see, utilitarianism is a weak theory if it only stands on the notion of doing what will maximize general happiness. You have many different situations to where attempting to maximize the short term happiness will lead to a sharp decline in the long run happiness. Then you have moral obligations witch encompass rule utilitarianism. People feel obligated to follow a set of rules that have, over time, been set to be the moral standard. And from these obligations we derive perfect and imperfect obligations. Mill's perfect and imperfect obligations are somewhat hard to make universal. What is considered moral differs from tribe to tribe. Therefore, it may be a perfect obligation to be nice to everyone. Then there would be no imperfect obligations because you are forced to be nice to everyone. It is a very odd and confusing subject that, I believe, even Mill has a hard time adequately arguing. I believe Mill's arguments on justice and obligations steer him away from his act utilitarian label. I believe that this proof, although not conclusive, shows Mill as a rule utilitarian.

Please note that this sample paper on Mill and Utilitarianism is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Mill and Utilitarianism, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Mill and Utilitarianism will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Americans As Consumers

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Hundreds of years ago fur was a necessity for the Native people of America. Fur was used to keep people warm so they could survive in the harsh conditions of the wilderness. When animals were killed for their fur, their bodies were not wasted. The Native Americans used every part of the animal they killed in some shape or form.Fur was a necessity for life. Today, fur is used as a fashion and glamour item. Fur is worn on coats, hats, shoes, purses, etc. Fur types can range from fox, to mink, to chinchilla, and many more. Millions of fur-bearing animals are killed each year from traps in the wild and in fur farms. The fur trade market has devastating effects on the environment, there are ways that the American consumer can indeed help to prevent the harmful effects of the fur trade market, a cumulative effort by these consumers will help.

The fur trade market has devastating effects on the environment. Approximately .5 million fur-bearing animals are killed each year for their fur. There are two ways that fur-bearing animals are caught and raised for their fur. One of which is in the wild.

In the wild, traps like snares, underwater traps, Conibear traps, and the most widely used steel-jaw leghold trap, are used to catch fur-bearing animals in the wild. Underwater traps catch animals such as beavers and muskrats by the legs and the animal

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is trapped underwater for up to 0 agonizing minutes before they drown. Conibear trapscrush animals' necks, applying 0 pounds of pressure per square inch. It takes animals three to eight minutes to suffocate in these traps. The most popular trap, the steel-jaw leghold trap, catches an animal by the leg when pressure is placed on the spring. The steel jaws slam shut on the animal's limb causing excruciating pain. The animal frantically struggles to get free and will sometimes even chew their own leg off to escape the trap. The trapped animal, will eventually grow exhausted and is exposed now to frostbite, shock, and great vulnerability to predators. The inevitable outcome the animal dies, but only after hours and sometimes even days of suffering. If by some chance the animal lives, they will then be stomped to death when the trapper finds them. For every one intended animal that is trapped in the wild, another unintended animal is caught also. These animals, such as endangered species, domestic pets, and livestock, are considered "trash animals" because they are of no use to the trapper nor the fur industry.

Another method that the fur-trade industry gets their valuable fur, is through raising the fur-bearing animals on farms. There is a great misconception among fur buyers that the animals on fur farms are treated humanely and are killed in a humane way. This is a completely wrong idea. It couldn't be further from the actual, horrible truth. "Fur farming is nothing more than institutionalized torture"(internet reference). Fur buyers also believe that fur-bearing animals raised on farms are a better alternative to trapping animals in the wild, that it is a humane alternative to wild fur. What kinds of animals are

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raised on fur farms? Mink and foxes are the majority of the animals on the fur farm, but others include chinchillas, sables, finch, raccoon dogs, lynxes, bobcats, and coypus. The animals are kept in cages no larger than .5 feet square, with up to 4 animals per cage. In addition to horrible living conditions, "ranched animals suffer from genetic defects caused by excessive inbreeding" and they also "develop neurotic behaviors, such as pacing, turning in endless circles, self-mutilation, and even cannibalism" (internet reference). Animals on fur farms suffer from deadly diseases as well. How are animals on fur farms killed? To protect their pelts, the animals are killed with poisons such as strychnine and magnesium sulfate, electrocuted anally, or their necks are snapped. It takes 60 female, and 5 male mink to make one single full-length coat and a varying number of foxes depending on their size and color. There is no U.S. law that regulates fur farms and "the fur industry remains 100 percent self-regulated and animals suffer every single day on fur farms across the United States" (internet reference). Studies show that "it is clear there is no basic human need met by the wearing of fur garments, and that animal abuse is inherent in the fur industry. The trapping, raising, and killing of animals for luxury garments causes great pain and suffering for both wild and ranched animals. As with other intensive-confinement animal farms, the methods used on fur farms are designed to maximize profits, always at the expense of the animals welfare and comfort, and always at the expense of their lives." (internet reference).

There are ways that the American consumer can indeed help to prevent the

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harmful effects of the fur trade market. How can the American consumer help, one might ask. There are hundreds of organizations that are based just off of protecting animal rights. These organizations include the American Humane Society, Peta People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, the ALDF Animal Legal Defense Fund, the ASPCA American Society of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the DDAL Doris Day Animal League, CAFT Coalition to Abolish the Fur Trade, and many, many more. These organizations encourage you to donate money to their cause, to protest and campaign against the fur-trade market, to sponsor ads that display anti-fur themes, to confront people that wear fur and inform them on the facts of what it took to put that fur on their back, and to simply not wear or buy fur products. Organizations also encourage you to write letters to the stores that sell fur and express to them that they no longer have your business because they support the torture and unnecessary death of animals just for glamour and fashion. A common slogan that anti-fur supporters keep in mind is "They have no choice, so make yours one of compassion" (internet reference).

When looking at the big picture of American consumption, one might say that the fur industry is such a minute aspect. Referring to Jon Carroll's article in the San Francisco Chronicle, people "pay big bucks for bizarre luxury"meaning that consumer groups make such a big deal out of rising gas prices because they can't afford to fill up their 0 gallon tanks in their huge SUV's. Yet people can afford to wear a coat made from 100 percent fur, taken from an innocent mistreated animal. How in the world does this make sense? It

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doesn't make any sense at all. How does it make any sense that the American consumer will pay big bucks to ship into this country all the wonderful, foreign foods that they have an extravagant taste for, but most of them won't donate a cent to rescue thousands of inhumanely treated animals from the horrible fur industry? How can we constantly keep consuming, but never give anything back? Referring to "Lily's Chickens" written by Barbara Kingsolver, "If every U.S. consumer would earmark just ten dollars a month for local items, the consequences would be huge". If every American consumer would donate just 5 dollars a month to an organization that defends the rights of animals, the consequences would be huge. "According to a study by the Ford Motor Company, it takes almost three times as much energy to make a coat from trapped animals' pelts, and 40 times as much from ranch-raised furs, than it does to make a fake fur coat" (internet reference). If people could just get over themselves and their money and simply pay less to wear a fake fur coat, which is just as good as an authentic fur coat, thanthousands of innocent animal lives could be saved. Kingsolver states that "nobody has to eat foods out of season from Rio de Janeiro. It's a decision we remake daily, and an unnecessary kind of consumption". People don't need animal fur to survive, just like they don't need foreign foods to survive, but it is a decision that people make. It is a decision to wear 00 dollar fur coats and it is a decision to buy 0 gallon SUV's that get 1 miles to the gallon. American consumers simply need to put their money to some good and help stop the everyday increasing of the world's destruction.

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A cumulative effort by these consumers will help. There are so many ways that an individual consumer can make a difference when it comes to supporting these organizations that are against the fur industry. If just one consumer takes it personal, meaning what the fur industry is really about, then they can have such an impact. Just one person can make all the difference in the world. A consumer doesn't have to buy anything they can afford. If certain beliefs are held in one's heart, then a product won't be bought just because they can afford it. Referring to myself as an American consumer, after reading all of the facts on what the fur industry really entails and how animals are treated just to make a fashion statement, a fur product will never find its way into my life or my home, and no amount of money will come out of my wallet to support this horrible industry. Hopefully this essay will have the same impact on its reader. If indeed it does, then my difference has been made.

Please note that this sample paper on Americans As Consumers is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Americans As Consumers, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Americans As Consumers will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Vales of America

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The Values of America

The recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world.This ideology was first introduced by the Bible through the words of the Old Testament. In the beginning of this world, the possibilities for treating humans with the greatest respect were ignored.Over time, honorable leaders have implemented guidelines on appropriate ways that people should be treated.The United States has evolved into a culture that respects each person and their rights in society.These rights include examples such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press, religion, and assembly which are all intended to protect humans.As a result of this strong human rights system within our culture, our nation has become a prevailing political and economical factor.American citizens have united under one constitution and supported the nation to become as powerful as we are today.Compared to Japan and the former Soviet Union, the United States has proven throughout history to be a superior nation because of our cultural values.

Even though the Old Testament created the ideology of the sense of worth for human beings, it was not until much later that these rights were recognized.It occurred during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when several philosophers in Europe proposed the concept of natural rights, rights belonging to a person by nature and because he was a human being, not by virtue of his citizenship in a particular country or membership in a particular religious or ethnic group. This concept was vigorously debated and rejected by some philosophers as baseless. Others saw it as a formulation of the underlying principle on which all ideas of citizens rights and political and religious liberties were based.The middle and late 1th century saw a number of issues take center stage, many of the issues we in the late 0th century would consider human rights issues. They included slavery, serfdom, brutal working conditions, starvation wages, and child labor. In the United States, a bloody war over slavery came close to destroying a country founded only eighty years earlier on the premise that, all men are created equal. Russia freed its serfs the year that war began. Neither the emancipated American slaves nor the freed Russian serfs saw any real degree of freedom or basic rights for many more decades, however.

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Our society has developed a series of human rights that can not be compared to any other nation.The leaders of our country have collaborated over many decades to install a system that protects our human dignity.For example, freedom of the press has an obligation to inform the public, and to report on the criminal justice system.This prevents secrecy which is a dilution of human rights.Unlike Japan and the former Soviet Union, our society has implemented the "Rule of Law" which Mr. Bill Cohen mentioned, stating that authorities do not have the right to do what they please with humans.This also designates a series of institutions that enforces the rights that our country values.The morally strong leadership within America allowed for the expansion of agriculture and human independence from an early stage.This was the foundation to a country that has developed into world dominance.The other nations that have emerged from western civilization have not proven prosperous due to the immorality of their values.A key factor that has restricted these countries from succeeding is the values their leaders embody and enforce upon their people."Nothing could stop Russia from becoming one of the greatest, soon the greatest, industrial power on earth.The policies of Lenin and, still more, Stalinor rather the series of hasty expedients which passed for policyhas the net effect of slowing down that inevitable expansion, just as Lenin-Stalin policies enormously, and in this case permanently, damaged Russia's flourishing agriculture," (Johnson, 7).If a leader is not concerned with the worth of each human life, then there is no hope for any equality or unity throughout the country.For example, the former Soviet Union demonstrated a hierarchy among its people which lead to hostile behavior throughout the country."The death-rate in totalitarian slave-labour camps appears to have been about 10 per cent a year," (Johnson, 74).

Japan had to opportunity to evolve into a country with great power.It experienced a time of rapid economic growth along with a rising population.The countries prosperity was defaulted due largely to its leaders and corrupted actions.Paul Johnson referred to Japan as a country that "became infected with the relativism of the West, which induced a sinister hypertrophy of its own behavioral weakness and so cast itself into the vary pit of twentieth-century horror," (Johnson, 177).Japan became this totalitarian country that participated in cruelty acts toward its people.The Japanese did not trust its leaders which lead to the destruction of the empire.

Until 145, the country had no system of fixed law and the constitution itself was uncertain.Furthermore, it did not impose a definite system of rights and duties."This absence of absolute lines between right and wrong, legality and illegality, law and disorder, made Japan peculiarly vulnerable to the relativism bred in the West after the First World War," (Johnson, 180).As a result, Japan turned to Europe for guidance to lead their country.To strengthen themselves in a competitive world, they invented a state religion and a ruling morality which was known as Shinto.This lack of freedom proved later to be a great disadvantage to the country.The consequence of the militant leadership of totalitarian Shintoism was first the murder of individuals, and later mass-cruelty and slaughter.Johnson believed that "Japanese political parties were legal mafias which inspired little respect and offered no moral alternative to the traditional institutions refurbished in totalitarian form," (Johnson, 18).

Compared to Japan, the United States has given its citizens the opportunity to develop its nation and give it great richness.Not only has our country experienced great economic and scientific advancements, but also increased the standard of living.I feel that this success is in direct relationship to the values of our country.American citizens have learned to demand a high level of respect from the government as do they regard those authorities with high admiration.This double standard should be the prime example for other western civilized countries to follow.The human worth around the world would increase greatly if each country had a value system like the United States.Cultures like that of Japan have not yet developed this degree of superiority because they have failed to change the disposition of their values.I believe that the cultural values a country embodies supports its government and overall well being.

Another example of a nation that embraced western civilization but involved itself in acts of cruelty toward humans is the former Soviet Union.It all began under the ruling of Lenin and continued through his successor Stalin.Johnson describes Stalin as a person that is "capable of unlimited violence to achieve his purposes, or indeed for no particular reason; and he sometimes nursed feelings of revenge against individuals for year before executing them," (Johnson, 6).Johnson also expressed the importance to realize that "just as Lenin was the creator of the new autocracy and its instruments and practice of mass terror, so also there were no innocents among his heirs.All were vicious killers," (Johnson, 6).Therefore, from the beginning the future of the former Soviet Union was headed for destruction.

Stalin had an inhuman logic of socialist power during the 10s.He believed that in order for socialism to go forward, it must be accompanied with large-scale industrialism.Similar to Japan, a dishonored leader sacrificed the inherit right of human beings to accomplish his internal goals to be a leading nation.For instance, Stalin forced pressure on the peasants to achieve agriculture richness much like the United States was experiencing.Stalin's tactics did not prove to be successful."In January 18, with no food in the town, no grain exports and increasingly short on foreign currency, Stalin unleashed his first attack on the peasants," (Johnson, 68).Stalin has demonstrated yet again that prosperity does not result from eliminating the rights of humans.

As seen with countries such as Japan and the former Soviet Union, the values that are installed within a country are defiant to its wealth.The United States has formed a premier example of how other western civilized countries should treat its people.It has been proven repeatedly with nations around the world that a weak value system can cause a nation disparity.Without these human rights people are on the defense against their leaders and don't have the unity and trust that a country needs to find success.Japan and the former Soviet Union have demonstrated such cruelty acts that stem from a lack of respect for every human being.I believe that the world will not reach its potential for human rights until every nation has adopted a value system similar to the United States.

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Team Dynamics and Conflict ResolutionIn Work Teams

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Scenario

Charles, David, Mike and Ruth are assigned to Team A and start work on their team paper, "Team Dynamics and Conflict Resolution In Work Teams". They seem to click as a team and encounter almost no emotional conflict, while their task-oriented conflict proves productive. Yet, somehow, tasks aren't getting done as quickly as everyone on the team would prefer. No one seems to know which person is supposed to do what, and this is causing frustration.

(Introduction and Part II)

(My part with references at the end)

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Recognizing the inevitability of conflict in a work team leads to the next phase of conflict resolution identifying the types of conflict.The most commonly accepted conflict model is based on two basic types. Thompson, Aranda and Robbins (000) define these types as "A-Type; emotional" and "C-Type; cognitive" (p. 18), while Guetzkow and Gyr (154) label them affective and substantive (para. ). Coser (156) called the same two types "emotional" and "goal-oriented" (para. ), whereas Priem and Price (11) refer to them as "social-emotional" and "task-related" (para. ). Pinkley (10) recognized the "task" versus "relationship" aspect of conflict (para. ), as did Jehn (1, para 4.).All of these experts agree that the two types of conflict have diametrically opposed affects on work group outcomes.

Type-A, emotional conflict, involves interpersonal friction not related to the task and is considered harmful conflict (Amason, A. C., Thompson, K. R., Hochwarter, W. A., & Harrison, A. W., 15, para. 6), but Type C, task-oriented conflict, revolves around discussion and debates about the task itself, and can promote productivity (Thompson et al., 000, p.1).In an article published in the Administrative Science Quarterly, Jehn (17) notes a third type of conflict, "process conflict" (para. ), and proposes an updated model of conflict that encompasses three conflict types (para. 5). Amabile (001) cites Jehn (17) in support of three conflict types, and defines process-based conflict as that which pertains to disagreement over who is responsible for what among team members (para. ). Jehn (17) reports that process conflict appears to be counterproductive to team performance (para. 4). Since emotional and process-based conflict are both seen as detrimental to team productivity, and task-based conflict is generally determined to be productive, it is imperative that the conflict type be defined before further steps are taken in the resolution process. A case in point is the undefined dynamic producing conflict on Team A in the opening real-life scenario.Using the accepted two-type model of conflict, Team A can rule out both emotional and cognitive conflict, which leaves no solid classification for their conflict, and adds to their angst. If the three-type model of conflict is used, it becomes readily apparent that their conflict falls under the heading of process conflict.This example illustrates the critical aspect of identifying the conflict type before moving to the next phase; conflict resolution.

There are many steps that a team can make in order to resolve conflicts.One example of conflict resolution is for the team to select the best time to try to resolve the conflict.Time is important because it allows each team member enough time to plan and brainstorm different ways of resolving the issue at hand.In order to correctly resolve a conflict within a team, each team member must be ready and willing to work at the resolution.All team members should participate to reduce the chance for a future conflict.If one team member is not ready to begin resolving the conflict, they are more likely not to try as hard to resolve the conflict.Take one of my personal issues into account of why choosing the right time to resolve conflicts is important.One day at work I was extremely busy trying to deal with past issues that had happened, and more events began to happen which pulled me away from my current task at hand.Everything seemed to be going wrong that day, and to make matters worse, a colleague of mine came to me to try to resolve a conflict between other peers.Since that was not an important issue to me at the time, I blew it off and that situation ended up blowing way out of proportion.I didn't have time to try and resolve their conflict, and when forced to approach it, my advice was not the best that I could have given.If they had waited until it was a good time for me, I am sure everything would have turned out much better.In resolving conflicts, it is also important to ask the appropriate questions and provide the proper information.By asking questions, a team is more apt to decide on the best resolution.Also, when you ask questions to a group, you sometimes answer your own questions simply because you heard yourself ask the questions.Speaking your mind out loud is an excellent way to help understand the conflict at hand.Along with choosing the right time to resolve conflicts, it is also important to avoid resolutions that come too soon or too easily.Team members might offer solutions to a conflict just to be able to get past the conflict.Choosing a simple resolution is not the best way to handle conflict resolution.The best conflict resolutions are those that are thought about between the entire group, and that the team has had the proper time to think about all possible solutions.Teams should not accept one persons resolution just because it is easy and to get past the conflict.This could later lead to more intense conflicts, and could in turn cause a more permanent conflict between team members.However, not all conflicts are able to be resolved completely by each team member.Sometimes, it may be better for the team to just agree to disagree.By agreeing to disagree, you might be able to keep the conflict from interfering with the group as a whole.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary (1), negotiate means "to hold communications or conference (with another) for the purpose of arranging some matter by mutual agreement; to discuss a matter with a view to some settlement or compromise." Team negotiations are required in situations where teams must reach a consensus. Therefore, members of the team must reach a consensus for the decision to be binding. Team negotiations are required when a single person cannot make the decision, possibly due to the commitments required from other members of the team. Examples of situations where a team must negotiate are division of responsibilities or divisions of funds. These situations require the team to reach a mutually satisfying agreement, to ensure everyone will follow the agreement made (Thompson, et. al., 000, p. 6). In summary, team negotiations are necessary for a team to reach a consensus; a consensus is necessary for a decision to be binding.

Counterproductive behavior, including reacting to unintentional remarks, name calling, and insisting on being right, can result in lower team productivity and cooperation. Reacting to unintentional remarks can escalate the situation, rather than letting it subside. This can also affect the team's desire to resolve issues; and can split the team into warring groups. Unintentional remarks can be the result from angry feelings; they usually are not representative of the true feelings of the team member. Name calling is an attack on a team member's dignity; it can also escalate the situation, and can result in retaliation at a later time. Insisting on being right causes the team member to ignore other possibilities for resolving a conflict or solving a problem (Thompson, et. al., 000, p. 44). Consequently, counterproductive behavior affects the productivity and cooperation of a team by increasing tension among members, separating members into groups, and excluding an effective solution.

According to McElhaney(00), signs of escalating conflict can include personal attacks and confrontational statements, unreasonable demands, and inability to participate in rational discussion (para. ). Approaching an escalated conflict in an aggressive manner will only further escalate the conflict; active listening is needed to get to the source of the conflict (McElhaney, 00, para. -5). Once the true causes are known, they must be acknowledged. This lets the teams members know that the problem is being taken seriously; care must be taken not to put blame on any team member. (McElhaney, 00, para.& 6). The starting point to the resolution should be finding common points of agreement; to help resolve the remaining issues, compromises must be found through negotiation. Once the conflict is resolved, the agreements should be reviewed, summarized, and confirmed; this helps to ensure all members understand the resolution (Thompson, et al., 000, p. 41). In summary, escalating conflict must be dealt with by actively listening, acknowledging the conflict without blaming any members, finding common points of agreement, working towards compromises, and finally making each member aware of the resolution and their points of agreement.

Please note that this sample paper on Team Dynamics and Conflict ResolutionIn Work Teams is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Team Dynamics and Conflict ResolutionIn Work Teams, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Team Dynamics and Conflict ResolutionIn Work Teams will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Hopkins' World of Gods

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Comparison of Approaches used by Hopkins in

A World Full of Gods The Strange Triumph of Christianity

(Chapters 1-4)

In his book, A World Full of Gods The Strange Triumph of Christianity, Keith Hopkins attempts a new way of presenting the history of early Christianity through an array of approaches.In his creative and interesting endeavor, Hopkins includes fiction, scholarly analysis, storytelling, and informal response letters from critical colleagues to formulate his views on early Christianity.These different, and somewhat daring, approaches incorporate a number of literary devices which may be seen as deviating from orthodox scholarship.However, this experimental method in how to write religious history employed by Hopkins gives his book a postmodern turn and directly affects the way the reader looks at early Christianity.

Hopkins begins with two imaginary time travelers, James and Martha, whom he has hired to go back in time to report the religious aspects of the Roman world and pagan society they encounter.After reading Hopkins' advertisement for volunteers, and his instructions to the two modern time-travelers, James and Martha begin their journey in Pompeii just before the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.We learn of what Martha thinks of James, of her experience in a Roman bathhouse, and of James' experience in the public restrooms.From their reports, we see that they are intrigued, puzzled, and even shocked at the widespread "inappropriate" crudeness of Roman culture and practice, particularly in the open displays of sexuality.Martha makes the observation that, "These Romans seem to have a sexual fixation." (p. 1)

From this first chapter, we mostly witness how pervasive religion invaded public life.Martha expresses, "…there were temples and Gods, and humans praying to them, all over the place at the entrance to the town, at the entrance to the Forum; there were altar at crossroads, Gods in niches as you went along…" (p. 1).And from James, "…religion in the Roman world, as we saw it, was largely a matter of performance.Romans join in rituals-…as participants or spectators." (p. 4)These descriptions place early Roman religions in contrast to Christianity.These early Romans seemed to place no emphasis on the exact nature of their beliefs by the many ceremonies and rituals that seemed to include all; while Christianity is "an insider religion" with ceremonies strictly reserved for believers.Hopkins uses James' and Martha's reports to reveal the prevalent and unavoidable paganism in early Roman societies.However, he makes us aware of the difficulties in recreating the past by the fact that such accounts are made through modern eyes, leaving the history of ancient Rome open to various interpretation.

Hopkins changes scenes in chapter two by writing about the Dead Sea Scrolls in the form of a television transcript and once again entwines modernity with history. In this chapter, a modern television crew is sent back to Rome circa A.D. 71 to interview Isaac, a former Essene leader who committed a minor infraction and was removed from the order just before the Qumran community was annihilated and then moves to Rome with his nephew, Hilary.In the interview, given by the skeptical Jeffrey Axeman, Isaac interacts with a Jewish Christian preacher named Justin.In the dialogues, debate ensues between Isaac the Essene and Justin the Preacher because of their opposing religious views and there are detailed references to their positions in the respective Dead Sea Scrolls and the writings of Christian refuters.Through slippages in the show, there is commentary and interventions by a distinguished historian of religions (i.e., Professor Pelikan) and the television crew which makes comparisons to modern fringe Christian fundamentalists.Through this approach, Hopkins is suggesting the passion of the Qumran sect of Judaism that produced the scrolls.However, criticism arises that Justin Martyr lived several decades after the alleged debate and contests the legibility of the television show.This is Hopkins' way of revealing the difficulties in objectively documenting a religious movement's history.Hopkins' use of the method of dramatic narrative may appeal to modern readers but at the same time, it presents a view of the first Christian centuries that may be too vivid.

In his next chapter, "The Christian Revolution", Hopkins uses a much more straightforward approach.Hopkins recounts how Christianity, across four centuries, became tradition-bound and hierarchical, in part because of persecution and martyrdom, and many voices became one orthodox voice.Through conventional, objective analysis, Hopkins argues that Christianity really was a revolution.He says, "For the first time in Mediterranean history, religion had become a matter of choice, not of birth." (p. 80)This statement is due to Christianity being a religion of belief, in opposition to Judaism and paganism where traditional practice with settled adherents was predominant.Furthermore, Christianity evolved into a church united in orthodoxy of faith and tradition.It made progress toward its own institutionalization even though it was fractured by a variety of heretics throughout the second century such as Marcionites, Gnostics, and Montanists.Three developments, designed to defeat heresy, were fundamental in the supremacy of the Great Church the creation of a closed canon of specifically Christian scriptures, the tradition of apostolic succession legitimating episcopal power, and the assertion that a rule of faith existed.At the turn of the third century, such Christian ideologues served to carefully and continually specify the precise terms of their beliefs and were thus vital to Christianity's unification.

With the rule of Constantine and end of Christian persecution came the Roman government's support for the church's own self-regulation and such state support allowed the church to move toward a centralization of power.In addition, the first universal church council at Nicaea in 5, followed by others, gave even more strength to Christianity by homogenizing ritual and belief.Hopkins claims that symbolic growth, achieved through the construction of churches as central monuments and the pervasive penetration of Christian symbolism into the visual and private worlds, was one of the church's greatest advances during the fourth century.The Christian visual world was of extreme importance because its image and meaning were so different from the classical world of paganism.

This third chapter reveals how the whole symbolic world of the Roman empire had changed from paganism to Christianity by the end of the fourth century.In all the efforts for this conversion to take place and then to unify the different sects of Christianity in ancient Rome, Hopkins acknowledges that ambiguities do exist in the possible patterns of growth.Even though his accounts in this chapter seem to be objective, Hopkins makes us question whether true objectivity can be reached when we are not even sure of the dynamics of the transition from paganism to Christianity and presents further implications for the idea of an all-encompassing form of Christianity.

In chapter 4, Hopkins centers on some of the non-orthodox, non-canonical stories that supplemented the New Testament.Hopkins emphasizes the importance of stories in the recruitment of believers for a religion.For Christianity to grab followers and hold them, their stories had to compete with those of the polytheistic world and claim not only to be the only truth, but prove that all other religious stories are false.As a result, missionaries of Christianity re-told old stories and even told new stories to attract followers.For example, Jesus was a figure that could be piously reduplicated in the earlier stages of Christianity.So, in order to attract converts, this message had to be made through multiple reappearances and was done in the apocryphal Acts of Andrew where Andrew is a Jesus look-alike and thus one manifestation of God's spiritual emanation, appearing to humans in bodily form.Judas Thomas, presented as Jesus' twin, is interpreted in one instance as a metaphor for Jesus' own identity as a lesser reflection of himself, and believers' alternative identities as an enhanced image, not as elevated as Jesus, but that is within reach.Jesus' twin brother is also a symbol of a need to search within oneself for God.

As Hopkins re-tells some of these apocryphal stories, he urges us to recognize their important functions, despite their naivety.Hopkins states that, "All of them were proposing ethical and metaphysical solutions to core human problems." (p. 175)In the early stages of Christianity's development, intermediary figures, such as Andrew or Thomas, helped bridge the gap between the invisible God and the historical Jesus and quite possibly made Christianity more acceptable in a polytheistic world.This approach by Hopkins may, however, lead us to question the validity of canonical texts of the New Testament that partially arouse from stories with fictitious elements.

These first four chapters reveal a new approach to history which kept my interest as a reader as well as informed me of the early trends and origins of Christianity.Hopkins' original approaches also allow for the realization of the complexities that inevitably exist in the documentation of religious history.

Please note that this sample paper on Hopkins' World of Gods is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Hopkins' World of Gods, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Hopkins' World of Gods will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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What attitudes to war and suffering are presented by the Poets in the poems you have studied?

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I am going to discuss three poems on the subject or war and suffering, 'Vitai

Lampada', 'The Charge of the Light Brigade' and 'As the Teams Head Brass'. Each

one of these poems describe war, death and suffering in different ways, with the two

pre 114 poems portraying war as an honourable and brave act. The post 114 poem

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describes war and suffering as chaotic and miserable, a much more melancholy tone

than the other two poems.

In 'Vitai Lampada', one of the pre 114 poems, Henry Newbolt sets the scene as a group of young public school boys playing a game of cricket. One of the teams is in a desperate position in the game, with only one batsman left.

'Ten to make and the match to win,

A bumping pitch and a blinding light,

An hour to play and the last man in.'

Also in the first stanza, Newbolt talks of winning a game of cricket against the odds, not just for personal glory but because it is necessary to 'Play up! and play the game'. Tension builds in the first stanza and Newbolt stresses this even more with words like 'breathless' and 'hush'.

'A bumping pitch and a blinding light,

An hour to play and the last man in.'

Middle way through the first stanza, Newbolt tries to explain how closely linked a cricket game and war was.

'And its not for the sake of a ribboned coat,

Or the selfish hope of a seasons fame,'

Henry Newbolt explains how the last man in bat is not playing for his own fame, but to honour his team and especially the captain. This is very similar to war, as a soldier would fight for 'King and Country' or his platoon and those in command. The soldier would show no selfishness at all, just like the last man in bat. The title of the poem 'Vitai Lampada', which sounds just like a school motto, means 'The Torch of Life'. This could mean that a light is leading the team to win the game and success in the future.

In the second stanza the scene moves from a school cricket game to a desperate situation on the battlefield. The men are rallied by the same sentiment, the need to 'Play up! and play the game'. The words in the second stanza in contrast to the first are much more vivid, 'sodden red', 'wrecked' and gives you much more to think about.

' And the regiment blind with dust and smoke.

The river of death has brimmed his banks'

In the second stanza Newbolt personifies one of the lines to give the effect of that it is actually real. The way Henry Newbolt describes the 'river of death' makes one dream up a picture of a torrent of gushing blood, and 'blind with dust and smoke' is just a field with nothing but gaze all around and bangs happening everywhere. It is noticeable in the second stanza the vivid way the lines are wrote.

'Red with the wreck of a square that broke

The Gatlings jammed and the Colonel dead,'

The third stanza is basically setting the moral standards and how one should act their life out. It is as if the words 'Play up! play up! and play the game' are to be passed down for succeeding generations to live by. The contrasts of being in a cricket game and being on the battlefield in this poem are closely linked in various ways. An obvious link between the two is the phrase 'Play up! play up! and play the game.' Also the boys playing cricket seem to put just about the same effort into a cricket game as they do while fighting on the battlefield, which shows how much being part of a team and gaining honour meant.

'The Charge of the Light Brigade' is also about honour and portrays war as bravery, honour and leadership, just as Vitai Lampada is. Tennyson wrote the poem to honour a group of men who were ambushed in a valley, after their general had given them incorrect orders.Alfred, Lord Tennyson uses gripping and powerful words to highlight the amount of dismay and bewilderment the soldiers experienced. All through the poem many words and lines are repeated to stress. The point of this in the first stanza is to build up tension.

'Half a league, half a league,

Half a league onward,'

The rhythm of the poem also, adds to texture of the poem and emphasis, as it is a dactylic rhythm in the flow of a galloping horse. Also at the ends of the lines Tennyson uses a lot of exclamation marks, simply to add more tension. A line that is used a number of times is ' The valley of death', this line is a very common line in songs, television and radio as it is in the bible and Tennyson simply echoed the line from the bible.

In the second stanza is a triplet of rhyming lines which Tennyson seems to have carefully placed to show his admiration.

'Theirs not to make reply,

Theirs not to reason why,

Theirs but to do and die'

Through the poem, many biblical illusions are used, in the intent to imply that the soldiers have got their reward, by going to heaven.

'Into the jaws of Death,

Into the mouth of Hell'

'Into the valley of Death'

The attitudes to war from this poem are that it was not just brave to join up and fight in the treacherous conditions but it was an honour to yourself, your family and your country. Although Tennyson describes war as terrible and fighting, he still seems to make it seem as if it would be much advisable to join up and honour your country.

'Cannon to right of them,

Cannon to left of them,

Cannon behind them'

The repetition of 'cannon' makes the reader have a vivid view of how dangerous this attack was and how they had been simply ordered to their death. The many monosyllabic verbs suggest that the battlefield was simply chaos and sodden with blood.

'Plunged in the battery-smoke'

'Stormd at with shot and shell,'

In the penultimate stanza Tennyson suggests that all the men are dying.

'They that had fought so well

Came thro the jaws of Death

Back from the mouth of Hell,

All that was left of them,

Left of six hundred.'

This poem shows an attitude of pure devotion of the soldiers to their general and to fighting for their country. Although the soldiers knew their death was near they still had the courage and honour to carry on fighting till their death.

In Thomas' poem , 'As the Team's Head Brass', he creates a vivid image of an isolated country scene. The theme of the poem is initially about a place in the countryside where a man is ploughing the fields and it is not as clear as 'Vitai Lampada' and 'The Charge of the Light Brigade' that it is actually a war poem. The poem is a post 114 war poem written by Edward Thomas. Unlike the two jingoistic pre 114 poems 'As the Team's Head Brass' is much more melancholy and describes war, not as honourable but simply chaos.

'One of my mates is dead. The second day

In France they killed him. It was back in March,'

Right from the first stanza, the word 'flashed' is used and this from the start is making one think it is a really dramatic poem. The first stanza though mainly is about the subject of those who did not fight in the war for whatever reason. The beautiful scene which Thomas sets his poem in to start with is obviously in contrast to the war with its man-made destruction, so it is just exactly the opposite. Thomas uses the phrase 'fallen elm' tree as a symbol to those soldiers who died. This is simply because fallen was a very common phrase for those who died in the war.

In the second stanza, Edward Thomas describes a dialogue between the ploughman and the poet. The ploughman and the poem have not gone to war but have stayed in Britain. The ploughman was most likely spared war service as ploughmen's were vital workers at the time of the war. However the poet is simply being cowardly, and is embarrassed that he is scared to go out to war. The poet seems very tense, also, when he is speaking to the ploughman.

'Have you been out?''No.'

Also the ploughman is always working, maybe trying to take his mind off of the fact that he is not out at war serving for 'King and Country' but helping the war efforts in his view not as much. The ploughman does not have many people helping him because they are either fighting in the war or they have already been killed.

'Only two teams work on the farm this year.

One of my mates is dead.'

This poem unlike 'The Charge of the Light Brigade', does not seem to have a regular rhythm or beat, however the words have a flowing nature. Also noticeable is the way that at the end of a lot of the lines monosyllabic words are used. This may have something to do with the simple, relaxed mood of the poem.

'As the teams head-brass flashed out on the turn

The lovers disappeared into the wood.

I sat among the boughs of the fallen elm'

This poem is much more melancholy than the pre 114 poems which obviously shows how the attitude of war changed in extreme amounts before and after 114. The happy, jingoistic way the pre 114 poems are wrote, changes to a sad, melancholy poem. Obviously it was not thought as highly now if one fought in the war.

Please note that this sample paper on What attitudes to war and suffering are presented by the Poets in the poems you have studied? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on What attitudes to war and suffering are presented by the Poets in the poems you have studied?, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on What attitudes to war and suffering are presented by the Poets in the poems you have studied? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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