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Walden Two
Walden Two, written by Burrhus Frederic Skinner, explains how a better way of life can be achieved through behavioral engineering. The founder of Walden Two, T. E. Frazier, is a man who believes that through experimentation and manipulation of child development that even the most fundamental actions and behaviors can be changed. Upon the arrival of his guests Frazier explains in great detail the ideas and practices used in Walden Two. While touring the community his guests learn how the new born children are raised and educated, and how by increasing efficiency the number of hours worked can be drastically reduced.
The children that are born into Walden Two receive a much different childhood than the average child. To begin with, instead of parents showing only special care and attention to their own children they are expected to treat all of the children at Walden Two as their own. This allows people who would normally be unable to have children to still participate in the development and success of further generation at Walden Two. Since the children are raised by multiply parent figures if allows the child to be exposed to a variety of different personalities and increases the social ties between members of the community.
From the time of birth until the age of one the children are kept in a very controlled atmosphere. The air temperature is kept at a consistent eighty-eight to ninety degrees and there is no clothing or bedding to make the child uncomfortable. From the ages of one to three the children are still kept in a controlled environment but minimal clothing and bedding are introduced. Also at this age the behavioral engineering begins. One of the earliest lessons taught is self control. In order to teach self control the children are given lollipops but unable to eat them until a later time. During this time the games and other activities are played in order to take the child's mind off of the lollipop. Once the children learn that instant gratification is not always the best solution they are allowed to indulge. But before they do they are asked to "examine their own behavior while… noticing any gain in happiness or any reduction in tension" (Skinner, 176, p. 8). Along with learning self control the children are also taught to not be envious or jealous. Once children reach the age of six all of the behavioral engineering is complete and they begin to live in small alcoves in groups of three to four. With frequent changes in room assignments the children adapt to living with different roommates and living in different environments. Once children reach the age of thirteen they are able to either build their own rooms onto the main building or inhabit an existing unused room. Also at this age children are likely to get married and have children depending on their own level of maturity.
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Not only is the way children are raised unusual compared to American standards but also the way they are educated is quite strange. In American schools "the ordinary teacher spends a good share of time changing the cultural and intellectual habits which the child acquires from its family" (Skinner, 176, p.10). At Walden Two the family culture and the culture taught at schools is the same, therefore time and energy are saved. Also the development of children is individual. Children can progress in any subject as quickly or as slowly as they feel. Since jealousy and envy have been eliminated at Walden Two even the children who progress slower than normal do not feel inferior or incapable. Another interesting point of education at Walden Two is how the children learn. Instead of having a teacher stand at the front of a class room and lecture on a specific subject they teach the children the skills they need to learn on there own. Using this method teaching can be very successful because it allows the children to study what they are interested in and at a pace that is comfortable. This method of schooling also avoids the boredom and redundancy of most school systems.
At Walden Two all members have a daily choice of what kind of work they would like to do. As the Walden Two code states every member must complete at least four labor credits per day but does not specify what job has to be done. Instead of having one set job that an individual does for a lifetime the members of Walden Two get to choose between jobs such as working in the flower gardens, cleaning windows, harvesting crops, or a variety of other jobs. Even though some jobs are more enjoyable than others, and other jobs require more labor, in the end all jobs come out equal. For every job that has to be done there is a labor credit that goes along with it. For example, working in the flower gardens is a fairly enjoyable job so it would receive a low number of labor credits such as 1/. For a job that is not as desirable, such as cleaning the toilets, a larger number of labor credits would be given, such as . Buy changing the number of labor credits a certain job receives the community is able to make less desirable jobs more attractive. When members are able to work either in the gardens, which would require working eight hours per day, or in the restrooms, which would only require working two hours per day, a more fulfilling atmosphere is created. In the end whether working in the garden or cleaning toilets the same number of labor credits is earned.
Walden Two promotes a society that is equal in every aspect. Even though there are planners and managers they are not looked up to or treated with any special treatment. The planners are in charge of making sure that the community runs smoothly as well as handling any political or other outside affairs. Even though they are responsible for the operation of the community they only receive two work credits. The other two hours that they are responsible for daily have to be worked off doing some sort of menial labor. Managers, who are in charge of specific fields such as running the dairy farm, growing healthy crops, and ensuring clean drinking water also, have greater responsibilities. Even though Managers and planners have more responsibilities than the average member they still receive no special treatment. The incentive to become a manager or planner lies in the pride and joy that one gets from hard work and dedication.
Part Two
In todays fast pace world of global corporations, internet access, and more and more advertisements the idea of behavioral engineering has not been taken seriously. To some extent behavioral engineering has been utilized by company's to persuade customers into thinking that they always need the newest trends. Car Company's, clothe manufacturers, and many other business use different types of behavioral engineering to change their customers likes and dislike. Buy repeatedly showing the most attractive people next to newest merchandise, a sense of want first arises in the customer followed by the sense of need. Consumers rarely need the newest products but often find themselves buying them because they are either swayed buy the commercials or by their peers. Manufacturers understand that they are able to change people's wants through behavioral engineering and are able to make great profits from it.
What Frazier has tried to do at Walden Two is not make profits from behavioral engineering but instead create a better way of life. Instead of trying to persuade people to buy into a product he allows people to buy into a new lifestyle. Buy eliminating what is thought to be natural instincts such as competition, jealousy, lust, and buy instilling a new sense of self control, pride, and freedom he is able to create a utopia.
Instead of the average forty to sixty hour week, Frazier's offers a very relaxed twenty-eight hour work week. Once a job becomes less boring and more interesting along with greater personal and communal satisfaction jobs that would normally take eight hours can be cut down to four. Also in Walden Two jobs are able to change daily so there is never any repetitious work or lack of things to learn. As a result of the more efficient working conditions personal interests and goals are more easily achieved. Not only has the amount of work decreased significantly but also the individual responsibility of parents has decreased.Instead of parents raising only their children they are expected to treat every child as their own. Multiple parents have many beneficial outcomes that aren't always achievable in single family homes. Each year thousands of children suffer from child abuse and malnourishment but in Walden Two that does not exist. Walden Two teaches people to put aside individual concerns and think about the community as a whole. When everyone is working for the good of the community the standard of living is raised and there is no longer suffering.
Behavioral engineering is a science that has not been greatly studied but deserves to be researched more fully. Companies have only begun to see the possibilities of what behavioral engineering is. They are able to consistently change their customer's patterns of thought on what to buy so therefore there should be some way to change a person's behavior through the science of engineering.
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