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ANURA FROGS AND TOADS
1.- GENERAL DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION.
Anura, meaning no tail, are reptilelike amphibians. All frogs and toads are included in this order.
Frogs and toads have four legs, the back legs being longer than the front legs. They lay eggs in water or in moist terrestrial sites. The eggs hatch into larvae (tadpoles) that live in the water untilthey metamorphose into adults. Male anurans can vocalize, calling or chorusing to attract fe-males during the breeding season or to establish territories. Adult anurans are carnivorous,feeding on insects and other invertebrates. The largest individuals will eat almost anything they can fit in their mouths, including birds, mice, snakes, and other amphibians.
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(IMAGE 1)
A BULLFROG
Many families are included in the Anura order. To name a few
The Family bufonidae. True Toads have thick knobby skin, large parotoid glands, that is, glands that secreed poison, on the head behind the eyes, and short legs that propel themin short hops. Toads cannot cause warts, but their skin glands secrete a substance that mayirritate the mouth, nose, and eyes.Toads are represented by one genus and four species in Georgia.
The Family hylidae. Members of this family have different habitat preferences and vary in size and body shape. Treefrogs are long-legged and arboreal. Cricket Frogs and Chorus Frogs areterrestrial and have relatively short legs.
The Family microhylidae. Narrowmouth Toads are small, stocky, burrowing toads charac- terized by a fold of skin behind their head and very pointed snouts. Two genera and three speciesoccur in the United States, but only one species is found in Georgia.
The Family pelobatidae. Spadefoot Toads are characterized by short legs, relatively smooth skin, and vertically elliptical pupils. Members of this family are terrestrial burrowers. Their back feet havespecial, spade-shaped tubercles used to dig into loose soil. They are nocturnal, and are rarely seenabove ground except on very humid or rainy nights.
The Family ranidae. These primarily aquatic frogs have smooth skin and webbed back feet.Their long back legs propel them in long leaps. Members of this family are usually found along the edges of lakes, rivers, swamps, and streams. One genus and nine species live in Georgia.
What is the difference between a frog and a toad?
Frogs are usually more water-dependant than toads, and have soft, moisty skin. Toads have a rougher, scaly skin with bumps, and live in dry land, some of them even in burrows.
. ANATOMY.
(IMAGE -1, -)
GENERAL ANATOMY OF A FROG
Anura have loosely fitting skins, no tails when adult, bony pectoral girdles, and usually no ribs. Fertilization is always external, and no species remains larval for life. The anatomy is specialized for jumping the vertabral column is short, with extensively fused vertebrae, the main bones of the limbs are fused, and the hind limbs are much longer than the forelimbs. Frogs and toads breatheby moving the floor of the mouth, first drawing air into the mouth and then forcing it into the lungsafter closing the nostrils.
Each different species of Anura has different sets of feet adapted to their needs webbed feet forswimming, sticky feet for climbing, etc.
(IMAGE )
FROG FEET
As you can see in the image above, Anura have digestive and skeletal systems oddly similar to that of humans, in despite of the fact that they wouldnt look alike on the outside.
. FEEDING AND REPRODUCTION.
All Anura are, without exception, carnivores during all stages of their lives. During their tadpole stage, Anura feed on zooplankton and other forms of protozoa. Adult anura are mostly insectivore, althoughsome of the largest Anura can eat small fish and even other amphibians.
Most Anura need water to reproduce, since fertilization takes place externally. Just as the female is laying the eggs, the male must get behind it, and, without actually inserting any bodily appendages into the female, eyaculate over the eggs just as they are being laid. The eggs will eventually hatch into tadpoles.
(IMAGE 4)
TADPOLE
However, some frogs, like the Fitzingers Robber Frog ( Eleutherodactylus fitzingeri ) actually lay their eggson land, and the hatchlings are already born as small frogs, without passing through tadpole stage.
(IMAGE 5)
FITZINGERS ROBBER FROG
4. ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE.
Anurals are used as important indicators, not only because of the enourmus quantities of moist that are neededfor ANY specimen of this order to survive, but also, because of the fact that the smallest variation of ecologicalconditions would force one particular species to change habitat, to be supplanted by a different kind of Anural.They are also very important in the control of insect population in moist places, especially fly and mosquito. Although most of the poisonous Anura only release their toxin when their skin is bitten or somehow cut, somecan release it merely by being touched. The Golden Arrow Poisonous Frog, native of the Amazon, can kill an adult human seconds after it was touched by him.
(IMAGE 6)
GOLDEN ARROW POISONOUS FROG
http//www.livingunderworld.org/amphibianArticles/article0011.htm
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