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ITAIPU
DAM
INTRODUCTION
The Itaipu hydroelectric power plant is located on the Parana River and strands the countries of Brazil and Paraguay. Aside from numerous problems due to its size and capacity, Itaipu represents an interesting political and environmental case. The political dimension of the dam is mainly due to the dual ownership of the Parana River and the economic might of Brazil compared to Paraguay.
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HOW DOES HYDROELECTRICITY WORK?
The theory behind hydro - electricity is to build a dam on a large river that has a significant drop in height. The dam stores lots of water behind it in the upper reservoir. Near the bottom of the dam wall there is the water intake, called a penstock. Gravity causes the water to fall through the penstock inside the dam. At the end of the penstock there is a turbine propeller, which is turned by the moving water. The shaft from the turbine goes up into the generator, which produces the power. Power lines are connected to the generators that carry electricity to areas near by.
IMPORTANCE OF WATER TO THE ENVIRONMENT LANDSCAPE
Water is extremely important to the surrounding landscape of the Itaipu dam. From being used, as a source of food, to keeping the vegetation alive through photosynthesis it is a big essential. The water within the dam also provides a stable habitat to numerous species of fish and other marine animals. If there was no water in this particular area the flora and fauna would just be a figure in peoples' imaginations.
HOW THE WATER IS USED
The water used in the Itapiu hydroelectricity dam comes from the Parana River. Although the river is quite big it does not have enough water to supply Itaipu constantly. To combat this problem the water used to produce the electricity is recycled. This is achieved by pumping the water that runs through the turbines into a lower reservoir under the dam. During off-peak times the water is then pumped back up to the upper reservoir where it can be once again used during periods of high demand.
This method has proved to be very successful as the dam can produce twice the amount of electricity from the same amount of water. Because of its success on Itaipu it is now a method used worldwide.
DISADVANTAGES THE ITAIPU DAM
From the devastation of the natural vegetation to the destruction of rare fruit trees and brush the negatives that have come out of building the Itaipu dam far out way the positives. Millions of dollars have been spent by both governments to try and get back the flora and fauna that was present before the construction of the dam began. The regular flooding of the dam during the construction has riddled the surrounding area with salinity. The chemical pollutants (including salt) used to clean the dam where dumped on the land killing the vegetation and numerous species that used that vegetation as a form of shelter or food.
There are also negatives that can arise from building a dam that cannot be planed for during construction. For example the Itaipu dam has had enormous troubles with water supply during periods of drought and poor rainfall. The heat evaporates a large amount of water within the dam reducing the levels of electricity produced.
Another negative that can come from building a dam is the affect of natural disasters. If the surrounding vegetation of a dam is burnt during a bushfire the next time there is heavy rain the soot and ash will be washed into the dam making the water poor quality or maybe even undrinkable. To get the water back to drinkable standard the dam has to be flooded and cleaned affecting the surrounding flora and fauna or a purification system has to be installed which will cost taxpayers a large amount of money
LONG TERM VIABILITY OF CURRENT ENVIRONMENT
Despite the inclusion of forest protection in the initial planning stages of the construction of the Itaipu dam, over 700 square kilometres of forests have been negatively affected the dam's construction. The major effects have been the complete loss of forestlands, particularly on the Paraguayan side, and the extinction of some plant types, including a forest orchid.
Salinity will also prove to be a major problem in the not so distant future. From the regular dumping of pollutants on the surrounding vegetation it will cause a significant decrease in plant life along with a drop in certain animal species. Other problems may include increased runoff, more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to deforestation and poor water quality.
If these same procedures continue to occur in the next twenty years the adjoining land and its animals will be significantly affected. The habitats of many mammals will be destroyed leaving them with nowhere to hide from the elements or predators, ultimately leading to certain death. In regards to the vegetation, it would be severely depleted from chemicals and other pollutants leaving the plants and other forms of vegetation such as brush with no food and minimal supply of suitable water to grow in.
FUTURE PROJECTIONS OF WATER USE
There are numerous projections for water usage in the Itaipu Dam. From recycling the water to be reused during peak times to funding projects to save the surrounding flora and fauna both governments are doing their fair share. Through conducting these projects they hope to improve the energy output of the dam, the quality of the water and re-charge the surrounding area. All of these projects are conducted around the central goal of reducing Itaipu Dam's effect on the environment and increasing the amount of electricity it can produce.
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