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The Battles of Bull Run
Two battles in the U.S. Civil War were fought along Bull Run Creek near Manassas, in northern Virginia, southwest of Washington D.C. The first battle, often called "The Battle of 1st Manassas," occurred on July 1, 1861 between the Union army of about thirty thousand men controlled by the brave and strong General Irvin McDowell, and the Confederate of about twenty-two thousand commanded by General Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard. This battle was the first major battle of the Civil war, as well as for the junior officer, McDowell. A year later, the second battle was fought in the same place on August th and 0th. In that battle, General John Pope commanded thirty five thousand Union troops and faced the Confederate's General Robert E. Lee and his fifty thousand troops. Once again, the Union was outnumbered, but they fought long and hard. However, in the end, the Confederates came out the victors of both battles (Davis 56). After the second battle, Lee headed toward Maryland where the Battle of Antietam soon took place. Although the McDowell's South lost in the first battle along with the second one, He still was a vicious leader and fought hard.
McDowell led his army against Beauregard's army along Bull Run Creek. Both forces faced off and were well organized, but had their own strategies. McDowell's forces were organized into four divisions Tyler, Hunter, Heintzelman, and Miles. The Confederates, on the other hand, had no divisions and was led by thirteen independent brigades Bonham, Ewell, Jones, Longstreet, Cocke, Early, Holmes, Kershaw, Evans, Jackson, Bartow, Bee, Smith, and a cavalry brigade under Stuart. However, the Confederates were badly outnumbered, and eventually the weight of the disadvantages began to be felt. Tyler's division was attacked first from the left side and was separated from the three divisions. The others broke to the rear, heading toward the Henry House Hill, a hill where the soldiers could regroup in. The Federals were slow to follow and allowed the Southern brigade commanders to rally and form a line of battle on the reverse slope of Henry House Hill. There, General Thomas Jonathan Jackson held back the Union troops until nine thousand reinforcements led by General Joseph Eggleston Johnston arrived. The greatness of Jackson's defense strategy earned him the nickname "Stonewall". Because of him, the Confederate won the first battle of Bull Run (Bull Run ). The Union army losses included about three thousand men either killed, wounded, missing in action, or captured; the Confederate army lost about two thousand men. This victory encouraged the South and spurred the North to greater effort (Davis 57).
About a year later, the second Bull Run took place by the same area the first battle was fought on August th and 0th, 186. After failing to capture Richmond during the Peninsular Campaign, the North planned to unite the armies of General George Briton McClellan and General John Pope for an assault on the city. The Union was out- numbered but would soon be in for a surprise. Pope, with about thirty five thousand men, faced General Robert E. Lee who had about fifty thousand men. Pope was facing Lee from the South when all of a sudden, Stonewall Jackson, with twenty three thousand troops, attacked him from the east side. The Union troops turned around to be greeted by twenty three thousand men. The Union survived and fought for the first day, but on the second day they were driven away by the Confederate. This was another gruesome loss for the Union. Their loss was roughly fourteen thousand five hundred, and the Confederate was approximately nine thousand two hundred. This victory was huge for the Confederates because it cleared Virginia of Federal troops. Lee, then invaded Maryland, and this ended with the Battle of Antietam. The site of both Bull Run battles is shown in the Manassas National Park (Battle 1).
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In truth, if there was a reward for the most improved general, it would definitely go to General McDowell. A curious thing about McDowells enterprise at Bull Run is that one may fairly say that it was destined to failure, but yet conclude that he came within inches of success. He was forced to work with an army that was entirely out of shape and unfit for training. Yet, with all these disadvantages, McDowell did a good job with his men. In some ways McDowell did better than his critics have allowed. To move such an army at all, and get it concentrated. To throw a wing of seventeen thousand men over Bull Run, meant much hard work and hard driving. And yet, as we have seen, all this fell entirely short of what was needed for success. Rapidity of action was essential, and at no moment, at no point, did McDowell show any tendency of the giving up (Battle ). It is perhaps fair to say that McDowell had had no training or experience in the military and/or know anything about it. It was certainly not easy for a junior officer in a military service that gave neither practical nor theoretical training to its higher ranks, when suddenly promoted to the command of an army with such importance resting all on his shoulders (Bull Run ).
The Civil War all began with the battles at Bull Run. During the first Bull Run the confederate were victorious because of the heroics of Stonewall Jackson, and they also won in the second Bull Run battle also with his help. The Union were outnumbered every time they stood against the Confederate, but they fought hard. After the second battle of Bull Run Pope retreated northward and was finally joined by McClellan. Lee then invaded Maryland and the Battle of Antietam began. On the other hand, from not even knowing how to train a military to being the Union's commander, General McDowell accomplished the most out of every general. He taught and trained the confederate army very well. The two Battles of Bull Run will always be remembered for the beginning of the American Civil War (Battle 1-).
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