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Present harmful side-effects
China is now confronting with a series of basic problems including a large population base, insufficient cultivated land, under-development, inadequate resources on per capita basis and an uneven social and economic development among regions.At present, the annual new-borns number 0 million resulting a new increase of population of about 14 million.The large population has impeded seriously the speed of social and economic development of the country and the rise of the standard of living of the people.Many difficulties encountered in the course of social and economic development are directly attributable to overpopulation problems.
ʒThe per capita grain production has declined in some years because of population growth although the total grain output of the country continued to increase.The further increase in grain production will be conditioned by the limited and declining arable land and serious soil erosion.The pressure of population growth on grain production is ever increasing.
ʒThe increasingly intensified exploitation of natural resources and the inadequate environmental protection because of population growth and economic developed have resulted in resource destruction and environment degradation in some parts of China.Energy shortage also occurred along side with energy wastage.To protect people's health form air pollution is still a challenging task.
ʒPopulation ageing makes social support for the elderly more pressing.In China, ageing accelerated because of a rapid decline in fertility.It is projected that the elderly age 60 and over would reach 18 million by the year 000 (accounting for 10 percent of the total population) and 7 million by 050 (accounting for 4 percent of the total population).Unlike the developed countries, population ageing in China preceded industrialization.The traditional function of the family to support the elderly has been weakened in recent years because of the reduction in family size and an increase in population movement.More and more people will need support from the society.
ʒPopulation and development in the poverty-stricken areas are faced with serious challenges.There are at present 70 million impoverished rural people whose livelihood has not been resolved.Most of them live in area of high mountains, hills, rocks, cold plateau, and in areas with a high incidence of endemic diseases.These areas are generally characterized by their remoteness, lack of transportation, ecological imbalance, poor living conditions, low production, low education levels, and slow economic development.It is a major task for China, before the end of this century, to solve the problems of these areas thru social and economic development.
Moreover, just as some other developing countries, there is a tendency of a rising of sex ratio at birth in China in recent years resulting from a rapid decline in fertility.The Chinese Government attaches great importance to this problem and has taken measures to solve it gradually through strengthening the publicity campaign, protecting the rights and interests of women and children, and prohibiting strictly the use of technical means for sex identification of fetus and sex-selective abortions.
There are many more negative effects that overpopulation has on China.Listed above are just some of the most alarming ones.
Reasons giving rise to this phenomenon
In the past three decades, China has experienced a remarkable fertility transition from a level of about six children per woman down to less than two children per women.Such an unprecedented transition in a very short period of time was, to a significant extent, initiated by a government-sponsored family-planning program promoted under unfavorable social, economic and demographic conditions.It has enabled China to join the countries, mostly developed countries, that have achieved below-replacement fertility, and it will have profound social, economic and demographic implications for China.But first, let's look at the fertility trends since 14.
The fertility transition in China can be roughly divided into six phases
1.Initial high fertility period (14157)
The return of peace after the foundation of the People's Republic in 14 led to a period of high fertility with declining mortality.The crude birth rate for the country as a whole in this period was(per 1000).And the total fertility was around six children per woman.There was little urban-rural differential in fertility.
.The Great leap Forward (158161)
During this period, mainly due to policy errors and a nationwide natural calamity, China experienced a large drop in fertility and a large number of excess deaths.The crude birth rate dropped from 4 in 157 to only 18 in 161 while the total fertility rate dropped from 6. to ..
.Post-famine recovery (1617)
In this period - which can also be known as the baby booming period of China - the birth rate and the total fertility rate reached a peak in a 16, as high as 4 and 7.4, respectively, because of compensatory childbearing after the big drop in 158161.Fertility remained high thereafter except in urban areas where it started to decline very rapidly.Urban-rural differentials in fertility first appeared an increased rapidly in this period
Measures
·Chinese government is making great efforts in terms of the family planning. To balance the structure and number of the population, the government is trying to stabilize the fertility level to prevent serious population aging. Does it mean a relaxation of the birth planning policy? The answer is „Yes." The current birth planning policy is a special product of a special period to meet the special needs of overpopulation in China. The Chinese government has realized the negative impact of its current birth planning policy and would like to adjust it. However, because of the huge population size, the incredible number of births annually, and because of the lessons learned in the early 180s, China has to reform its birth planning policy step by step and with great caution.
The government now is decentralizing the birth planning policy from the national level to the local provincial level. All provinces have their own local population and family planning regulations, including regulations for birth planning. The trend toward a slight relaxation of birth planning is observed in these local regulations. Twenty-six of thirty-one provinces allow families in which both husband and wife are only-children to have two children both in rural and urban areas. Because the „one couple, one child" policy has been implemented mainly in urban areas since the early 180s, this adjustment allows for a de facto two-child policy in urban areas, although not all only-children couples would like to have two children. With this policy change, together with the change of the population structure due to the migration from rural to urban areas, it is expected that the fertility of Chinese women will increase slightly in the next decade.
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