Samuel adams

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Many revolutionary leaders were involved in driving the American Revolution forward. But one that decisively influenced the important aspect of revolutionary struggle against Britain is Samuel Adams .As Samuel Adams was the first American statesman to come to the conclusion that independence was the only remedy for the troubles of the colonies. He believed that the British were plotting to reduce all Americans to slavery, and he played a leading part in building up resistance to their rule.

Samuel Adams contribution in the American revolution included as one of the major leader and activist in the American Revolution, led protest against stamp Act, as the founder of the radical movement the Sons of Liberty, the writer of the rights of the colonists, principal organizer of the Boston Tea Party, member of the Continental Congress, signatory of the Declaration of Independence.

From the beginning, he showed a firm resistance to parliaments taxing the colonies without their consent. He clearly showed his opposition to Sugar Act by denouncing it and being one of the first of colonials to cry out against taxation without representation. He was the member of the sons of liberty, a radical movement in which leaders like Patrick Henry, John Hancock and Joseph Warren were also members of it. Their motto "no taxation with representation" became the phrase of the time. He believed that colonist should have the same rights as the freeborn Englishmen. He described the rights of the colonist as the following

"Among the natural rights of the colonists are these first, a right to life; secondly, to liberty; thirdly to property; together with the right to support and defend them in the best manner they can." It is important to notice that the idea of the rights of the freeborn man in which Samuel Adams believed was one the key element in keeping the spirit of revolution alive.

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Samuel Adams drafted the instructions, which were the first public protest in America against the right of Parliament to tax the colonies. He drafted the instructions given by the town of Boston to its newly chosen representatives in regard to Greenville's proposed Stamp Act. He also played an important part in arousing the Stamp Act riots in Boston.In 1765, he was elected to the legislature, where he remained until 1774, officiating as clerk of the house. As clerk of the house, Adams had his eye on everything, and his hand entered into numerous resolutions. On the passage of the Townshend Acts in 1767, Adams wrote the petition of the Massachusetts legislature to the king, the letter of instructions to their agent in England, and the circular letter addressed to the other colonies, inviting their aid in the defense of the common rights of Americans. This circular letter especially enraged the King, which created a rift between mother country and the Colonies. He organized opposition to the Townshend Acts in 1767.

He helped form the Non-Importation Association of 1768.In 176 Adams assumed the leadership of Massachusetts radicals. Adams next worked on setting up a network for revolutionaries. On November , 177, the Boston Town Meeting established a committee of correspondence for circulating information and coordinating efforts. This achievement by Adams basically established the structure for an underground rebellion state government and provided the blueprint for other colonies. Adams used the Hutchinson Letters Affair in 177 to stir up further discontent against the states royal government including Royal Governor Hutchinson. The letters had urged tougher policies on the colonies by England. In 1774, he became the leader of radical factions that demanded strong measure against Great Britain.

Samuel Adams led the colonial resistance to British trade regulations. He was a natural rebel. "If I am to have a master; he wrote, let me have a sever one.I shall be constantly disposed to taking the first fair opportunity of riding myself of his tyranny". He favored rebellion and organized opposition to British policies. He headed the demonstration the led to Boston Massacre, which was used as masterpiece propaganda for creating hatred against the mother country.

To make the British aware of the unfairness of the tea duty imposed on the colonist because of bankruptcy of East India company, Samuel Adams organized a meeting in which he asked for three tea-laden ships to leave immediately. Governor Hutchinson refused his request. Adams banged his gavel three times and declared " this meeting can do nothing more to save the country." It was the signal for direct action.Samuel Adams with a group friends dressed as Indians dumped a shipload of the East India Company's tea into the Boston harbor. The importance of this single act of rebellion was not lost on the moderate politician John Adams who said," The people should never do rise without doing something to be remembered, something notable and striking. This destruction of the tea is so bold, so daring, so firm, intrepid and inflexible, it must have important consequences." The "Boston Tea Party" angered the British who viewed it as pure destructiveness and open disregard of British authority. A more radical patriot leader Josiah Quincy, Jr. has predicted that the event now being called the tea "Boston Tea Party' will lead to "the most trying and terrific struggle this country ever saw." The point is that Samuel Adams was behind the Tea Party incident which created a huge rift between the mother country and the Colonies and made the revolution more likely to occur.To assert England's authority over the colonies, parliament has passed the Boston Port Bill, closing the harbour until the colonists agree to pay for the ruined tea.

When the British closed Boston harbor and annulled the charter of Massachusetts in response to the Boston Tea Party, all the colonies became alarmed. Through the inter-colonial committees of correspondence, Massachusetts was invited to take the lead in assembling the first meeting of the continental congress. Samuel Adams managed this work with his accustomed shrewdness and daring. When the legislature met at Salem on June 17, 1774, in conformity with the new Acts of Parliament, he locked the door, put the key into his pocket and carried through the measures for assembling a congress at Philadelphia in September. A Tory member, feigning sudden illness, was allowed to go out and ran straight to the governor with the news. The governor lost no time in drawing up a writ dissolving the legislature, but when his clerk reached the hall he found the door locked and could not serve the writ. When the business was accomplished the legislature adjourned. It was the last Massachusetts legislature assembled in obedience to the sovereign authority of Great Britain.

But it was not in his legislative capacity alone, that Mr. Adams exhibited his hostility to the British government, and his regard for rational freedom. He was also a propagandist who was not overscrupulous in his attacks upon British officials and policies. In many newspapers letters and essays over various signatures, he described British measures and the behaviour of royal governors, judges, and customs men in the darkest colour. Several essays on these subjects were published by him; and he was the author of several plans for opposing, more successfully, the unjust de-signs of the mother country. Many of his writing were widely read and circulated. His newspaper articles inveighed reconciliation with Great Britain. He won many converts for radical cause and generally deepened the mood for revolutionary action. He has the honour of having suggested the first congress at New-York, which prepared the way for a Continental Congress, ten years after; and at length for the union and confederacy of the colonies.

Adams and his cousin John Adams were delegates to the first continental congress. For the next nine years, Samuel Adams took an active and important part in the work of the congress. Probably no other man did so much as he did to bring about the declaration of independence. He stirred mens souls, he dared when others teetered, he inspired when others weakened. He was the first American leader to deny parliament's authority over the Colonies; and he was also one of the firstcertainly by 1744 to establish independence as the proper goal. The fact that he played many different roles in making the revolution successful really distinguishes him from the rest of the revolutionary leaders. He played a major role as a patriot activist like the other radical activists such as Patrick Henry and all the rest. He also contributed to the success of revolution as a good writer like the other leading writers such as Thomas Paine. George Washington was the leader of the army, but still we can't undermine the role of Samuel Adams in creating riots and violent opposition against British. He was also involved in making propagandas against Britain. So it wasn't just one particular aspect or activity of pre-revolutionary struggle that he influenced, he influenced many important aspect of it.

Over the period of time in history, Samuel Adams has been considered the Father of revolution. John Adams described him as a modest and virtuous man. Although some historians like John C. Millers, has portrayed him as a vengeful leader wracked with envy and desiring to build a political movement by whatever deceitful means might be necessary. The most popular journalism history text, The Press and America by Emery and Emery, provides the conventional view Adams never forgot that his father had been ruined by [restrictive credit] laws and that he had thereby been cheated of his patrimony.... Somehow, Adams had to whittle the aristocrat down to size. Emery and Emery have Adams, out of pique, supposedly writing smear attacks that attempted to arouse the masses -- the real shock troops -- by instilling hatred of enemies.

A reading of Adams collected letters shows that, if The Press and America appraisal is correct, Adams lied not only to his enemies but to his friends as well. Unlike Michael Deaver and other recent public relations puppeteers, Adams told his friends that attempts to use cynical means to produce supposedly worthy ends were not only wrong but counter-productive Neither the wisest constitution nor the wisest laws secure the liberty and happiness of a people whose manners are universally corrupt.If Adams was a man bent on destruction, it is curious that he was so critical of the politically arousing Stamp Act attack on the home of royal governor Thomas Hutchinson, which he called an action of a truly mobbish Nature.

Furthermore, if Samuel Adams was a loose cannon, it is also peculiar that he spent more space in many of his columns defining the limits of protest than egging on his followers. Adams strong sense of lawfulness is indicated by his thinking concerning two protests, those following the Stamp Act demonstrations of August, 1765, and that which culminated in the Boston Tea Party of 177. Adams backed the former action because legislative methods and petitions already had failed; the House of Commons would not listen so the demonstration was the only Method whereby they could make known their Objections to Measures.He was willing to justify violent opposition to Britain if all else failed. Adams also planned the Tea Party, but made it clear that nothing except tea was to be destroyed; when the patriots dressed as Indians accidentally broke a padlock, they later replaced it.

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Religions of Meso-America

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Mysteries of the Aztec and Maya Explained

Multiple gods, gory sacrifices, and men in funny clothes.No, this is not the Middle East, this is sixteenth century Mesoamerica.These were just a few of the aspects of Mesoamerican culture that the Spanish encountered when they landed in the New World.To them, the things they saw were uncivilized, even barbaric.So, naturally, the Spanish had to take action and show the Natives what was the right way to live. They wanted to show them their way; God's way.But who's to say one civilization is wrong, just because their customs are different?That is especially the case for two civilizations that were incredibly advanced both religiously and technologically, the Aztec and the Maya.Although both cultures had their own worldview, they were both developed with different opinions on gender, which made them seem savage, and made the Conquistadors obligated to change things.What was left was a new culture, a new race, and a history that may give insight to today's civilization.

Worldmaking, Worldcentering, and Worldrenewal

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In order to fully understand the religions of the Aztec and the Maya, one must first understand three basic terms, worldmaking, worldcentering, and worldrenewal, which are explained in detail in the book The Religions of Mesoamerica, by David Carrasco.

David Carrasco defines the first term, worldmaking, as a culture's view of the structure of the universe, "which told how the world was made and how supernatural forces organized the cosmos" (Carrasco pg. 0-1).It is merely the story that a culture follows to explain their own origins.

Worldcentering, according to Carrasco, means the manner in which a culture explains what makes the world go round.Worldcentering depends on the "work of human creativity in ceremonial centers and the work of sacred specialists and royal lineages" (pg. 1-).Essentially, it is the people using what is around them to make sense of why their world operates.

The last term, worldrenewal, is described as rituals and mythic traditions performed to insure the "daily, monthly, and yearly rejuvenation of society and the cosmos" (pg. ).These rituals were performed at every level of society; from the high up kings and priests down to the common natives.Religious leaders depended heavily upon celestial events and the highly developed calender system to guide these rituals and maintain the working order of the universe around them.

Worldmaking, Worldcentering, Worldrenewal, and the Aztecs

Around the year 100 CE, a migrating group of people known as the Chichimeca moved south from the mythic Aztlan, onto the central plateau of what is now the country of Mexico and into the Toltec Empire.The Chichimecca, or dog-people as the name translates, were extremely adept to surviving harsh climates.They made their home in the desert region, full of snakes and cactus, and extremely hot.The Chichimeca were looked down upon by the original inhabitants, the Toltec, who were a civilized culture, but soon assimilated into the existing social routines of farming, trading, warfare, and religion.Soon the Chichimecan men were taking Toltec wives.The two cultures seemed to be meshing together well until a Toltec princess was sacrificed and turned into a skin suit by a Chichimecan priest.When the Toltec king ordered total annihilation of the dog-people, they fled south to a swampy island, where they saw an eagle perched on a cactus devouring a snake.According to legend, this was where they were to stop and build their empire.This island would become Tenochtitlan, the sacred city and ceremonial center of the Aztec Empire.This is the history of the Aztec.But where is the mythic homeland of Aztlan?That is where worldmaking comes into play.The people had no explanation of where they came from before their migration, so they developed stories to make sense of what they had no way of knowing; their creation.The Aztec creation story is based on the belief that the world had been created and destroyed four times, and they were living in the Fifth Age.At Teotihuacan, before this world had been created, the gods were sitting around an everlasting fire trying to create a new sun.Two of the gods, Nanauatzin (the Pimply One) and Tecuciztecatl (Lord of the Snails), sacrificed themselves by jumping into the divine fire.The gods sat looking for the sunrise, but it was Quetzalcoatl (the Plumed Serpent) who saw it rise to the east.The sun had been created, but it had no pattern, no purpose.The world still had to be centered.Another god Ecatl, was instructed to sacrifice the remaining gods, which set the sun in motion on it's orbit and created the rhythmic division of night and day (pg. 1-).Another historical example of worldcentering is the development of Tenochtitlan as a Ceremonial Center.The Great Temple, also known as Coatepec, which was erected around 15 CE, was a tribute to two major deities, Tlaloc (god of agriculture and water) and Huitzilopochtli (god of war an tribute), and was considered the connecting point between the 1 layers of the celestial world above and thelayers of the underworld below.Not only did this temple center the Aztec world religiously, it served as the political and social center, too; the hub of Aztec civilization (pg. 7-4).However, this world had to be maintained.The Aztecs hoped that by offering Teyolia, one of the divine forces that animated human life, they could prolong the cycle of the world's destruction.Teyolia came from the heart, so to offer it to the gods, it first needed to be extracted from the body.This was usually done at large public gatherings at the Templo Mayor, where highly trained shamans would cut the still beating heart from captured enemy warriors and thrust it skyward as an offering (pg. 86).In the eyes of the conquistadors, it was a brutal, savage process, but to the Aztec, they were insuring the rejuvenation of the world around them.

Worldmaking, Worldcentering, Worldrenewing, and the Maya

The Maya took a somewhat different approach to explaining their universe.Surrounded by jungle and lush vegetation, the Maya developed a more agricultural worldview.According to the Tzutujil Maya of Guatamala, creation came in the form of a giant tree in the midst of chaos.This tree formed one of everything that was to exist in the world in the form of fruit, which grew into the created world.Every Mayan culture believed a similar story, where a plant "repeatedly sprouts, blossoms, wilts, dies, and is reborn" (pg. 100).This cosmic tree figures into the spiritual aspect of life as well.The tree is rooted in the underworld, with the trunk in the terrestrial realm, and the upper part in the heavens.When a person dies, their soul travels down the tree into the roots, where they must overcome the underworld in order to ascend the tree and rejoin the gods in the heavens (pg. 101).This belief is based on the story of the Twins, Hunahpu and Xbalanque, who travel into the underworld and overcome the Lords of Xibalba, trick the demons into defeat, and earning a godly status.This story is reflected in the carvings found on the sarcofogus of the Mayan king who had ruled for over 60 years, Pacal. When it was discovered in 15, archaeologists found the picture of Pacal falling down the cosmic tree into the jaws of the underworld.This picture represents Pacal's journey into the afterlife and his rise back to godliness similar to the story of the Twins (pg. -5).The same process happens with the sun when it descends into the underworld, overcomes the darkness, and returns at dawn.The Maya practiced autosacrifice (the sacrifice of oneself, like bloodletting) to open passages from the terrestrial level to the celestial realm and to renew the cycle of the world.Since the body was viewed as the center of the universe, the wound and the blood both symbolized a portal for the gods to travel to and from the heavens. The complex calender system also helped them to plan ahead and perform the rituals that would keep the earth going.This calender was so accurate, they could foresee when to plant, harvest, and go to war.It even predicted the demise of the Aztecs in 151, the year Cortez arrived at Tenochtitlan.

The Aztecs, Maya, and Gender

Although the Aztecs and the Maya had similar religious views, the role of women in the society differs greatly.The Aztec were a fierce, mostly male dominated, warring culture.They were the more macho of the two civilizations.This is evident in the story of Huiztipotle.In this story, the god, Huiztipotle, springs from his mother's womb fully dressed for battle and decapitates and dismembers the female god, Coylxauhqui.Huiztipotle then became the leader of the Aztec people, taking them to the future site of Tenochtitlan.These people may have been too consumed with war, which ultimately lead to their own demise.The Maya on the other hand, were a much more feminine culture.They gave more power to females in society and were concerned with peace more than war.They realized that women were equally important in reproduction and were not afraid to show it.Their kings dressed in plumage along with their war costumes to show that they were strong and powerful (male), yet caring and nurturing (female).The blood of females was believed to be sacred as well.There is a story of the Lady Xoc and the ruler Shield Jaguar, found in a series of carved lintels, which tells of a woman who pulled a thorn rope through her tongue to get blood for a vision.After the ritual, the woman is depicted seeing a giant Vision Serpent and the Shield Jaguar possibly emerging as king (pg.111-).The Maya, some say, may have been too concerned with peace for their own good.They too died out, but for unknown reasons.Their disappearance was probably due to a growing population and anover stressed economic structure.

Indian and Spanish Religions Intersecting To

Create A New Religious Culture

Since the trip to the New World was not an easy one, the Spanish conquistadors decided to leave women at home.Once in the New World, they chose native women to marry and a new race was born, the Mestizos.The natives were brutal, and savage in most of their eyes, but to some, they seemed salvageable.For this reason, the Spanish opted to convert the natives and show them the real god, their own Christian god.Some natives somewhat accepted this forced conversion, but still held on to traditional customs.One of the stories from a modern highland Mayan culture, the Zinacantan, displays the Christian story of Jesus's betrayal, but with native influences as well, like using animals as characters.In the story, Jesus is betrayed by a magpie, who represents Judas, and a rooster and sparrow, which represent the thieves who were crucified alongside Jesus (pg.1-5).Another way the two religions intersect is in the customs and traditions of the new religion.One of the most important figures in the Catholic religion is the Virgin Mary.A similar virgin appeared to a lowly Indian, Juan Diego, in 151.This Virgin de Guadalupe came to Juan Diego as he passed the hill of Tepeyac.When Diego reported his apparition to the church, the idea was scoffed at.Only when he returned with proof, in the form out of season roses wrapped in a cloak which miraculously made a picture of the Virgin, did the priests believe him and make Tepeyac the site of the future cathedral.As you can see, the two worlds were able to mix, creating a religion with both Spanish Catholic and Native Indian influence.

As long as there are differences in the world, there will always be people who, like the Conquistadors, feel the need to correct others.Sometimes, this ends in ways that are not socially acceptable, like, in the Aztec's case, the near annihilation of a whole civilization.Other times, the mixing of cultures is a good thing, when it is not forced, when the natives are acceptant of the new traditions and the newcomers are respectful of native customs.It is said that "the past is seen with 0/0 vision," and "in order to see the future, we must look to the past."These are both excellent thoughts, some that more people should have when thinking about the United State's involvement in Iraq.Will the two cultures blend peacefully? Or will one culture decimate the other like in the New World?Only time will tell.

Please note that this sample paper on Religions of Meso-America is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Religions of Meso-America, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Religions of Meso-America will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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ETHICS & MANAGEMENT

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Ethics is a body of principles or standards of human conduct that given the behaviour of individuals and groups. Ethics is much more than just a collection of values. Values are almost always oversimplifications, which rarely can be applied uniformly.

Ethics Quality occurs when two conditions are met when a repeatable reasoning process is followed; and when the outputs of this reasoning result in the intents, means, and ends all being "good". When the conditions for ethics quality are met the organisation becomes capable of preventing ethical failure, not just catching and punishing it. Without a means of prevention organizations have no means for controlling its ethics quality.

Organisations need ethics quality not only to prevent unhealthy behaviour but to inspire superior reasoning and performance. It is only through human nature, and ethics, that we can inspire greater levels of innovation, teamwork, and process breakthroughs that result in sustainable competitive advantages. When managers understand how ethics makes them better, their role as a manager changes forever. Once ethics is learned we all acquire the ability to see what we often could not see before. We see that using ethicsthe reasoning scienceto improve individual and group performance is what real ethicsand real managementare all about.

Over the years many organisations have said that their people are their most valuable assets but their organisational culture, values and principles have not necessarily borne that out in practice.

Cheap Custom Essays on ETHICS & MANAGEMENT

Ethics and values can go hand in hand with sound business practice if thereis the goal of creating a more stable and healthy society. This has been the argument that many use in seeking to get organisations not only to understand the need for equality, bearing in mind areas of social and economic disadvantage in society, but also pointing to the clear business benefits. Once an organisation begins to take ethical (and equality) issues seriously, then it needs to audit all its' business practices needs to look at its' stakeholders; needs to look at organisational culture and at all the people management issues in an organisation.

Trying to integrate social, economic and trade policy is not easy. But public concern about child labour, sweatshop conditions and exploitation of workers in many countries, has forced organisations to take stock, and it has also forced governments to look at their policies and practices.

There are different ways to tackle these constraints and so help integrate policies into an organisation.

Clear and consistent dissemination of the policy approach from the top is obviously important, and many organisations do circulate policy messages and guidance to their staff. It is also important to make sure that there is a means for monitoring performance and that people know what will be monitored and how to report against it. The action of reporting is itself important, quite apart from the information it generates, because it can help train staff and mainstream issues throughout an organisation.

It is also crucial to involve staff at all levels in the development of responsible business policies and for lessons and best practice to be shared throughout the organisation, particularly so that central policies can be improved.

Sometimes people simply need practical guidance. Often, this can be done internally, case by case.

Corporate ethics may be broadly understood as the application of ethics to corporate affairs. By this we mean that the corporate mission, objectives, strategies, programmes and all its operations are undertaken within the realms of ethics. In other words, every decision, judgement or action is only performed when it is ethical to do so. The question of whether it is ethical or not will depend on the beliefs we have, the values we uphold and the judgements we make about them. It is the beliefs and values that the corporation uphold that will determine whether the decisions and judgements are ethical or not.

The beliefs and values the corporations uphold will have to be consistent with those of the society in which the corporations operate. Otherwise, there will be contradictions and conflicts at various levels. When such contradictions and conflicts arise, it will not be possible for the corporation to maintain its beliefs or values.

Generally, there are four levels of issues in business ethics. The fist level may be called "societal", relates to issues of basic institutions in society. An example inclues, should we tolerate gross income inequalities in society? Corporate leaders, by virtue of their wealth, influence and power should be able to shape debates of societal-level issues.

The second level may be called that of stakeholders. These include the owners, shareholders, suppliers, customers etc. At this level, issues raised are those pertaining to how a corporation should handle the external groups who are either directly or indirectly affected by its decisions and how the stakeholders should deal with the organisation. Example, insider trading. These questions relate to policy matters and decisions on them are made daily.

The third issue relates to "internal policy", particularly those concerning the employer-employee relationships. Example, what is a fair contract? These questions provide opportunities for the organisation to be socially responsive to its employees.

Finally, we have the "personal level" issues on morality. The questions here relate to the way the people treat one another in the organisation and deal with the day-to-day issues of life in any organisation.

What is business ethics? The concept has come to mean various things to various people, but generally it's coming to know what is right or wrong in the workplace and doing what's right. This is in regard to effects of products/services and in relationships with stakeholders. Attention to business ethics is critical during times of fundamental change. In times of change, values that were previously taken for granted are now strongly questioned. Many of these values are no longer followed. Consequently, there is no clear moral compass to guide managers through complex dilemmas about what is right or wrong. Attention to ethics in the workplaces helps ensure that when managers are struggling in times of crises and confusion, they retain a strong moral compass.

Business ethics in the workplace is about prioritising moral values for the workplace and ensuring behaviours are aligned with those values, its values management.

Many people are used to reading of the moral benefits of attention to business ethics. However, there are other types of benefits, as well. The following list describes various types of benefits from managing ethics in the workplace

1.Attention to business ethics has substantially improved society.

.Ethics programs help maintain a moral course in turbulent times.

.Ethics programs cultivate strong teamwork and productivity.

4.Ethics programs support employee growth and meaning

5.Ethics programs are an insurance policythey help ensure that policies are legal

6.Ethics programs help to avoid criminal acts "of omission" and can lower fines.

7.Ethics programs help manage values with quality management, strategic planning and diversity management

8.Ethics programs promote a strong public image

Two main factors can explain for the rise of global social pressure groups in the last decade. Firstly, since 10, cold war allegiances have fallen away and there has been a massive rise in democratically elected governments. Secondly, the development of technology change and development.

Historically, business integrity has just meant embracing honest ethical practices. Now, globalisation has forced companies to anticipate and respond to the demands of globalised public opinion, rather than waiting for government intervention, mediation and regulation to cajole them to act (Blackett 001). Another new force is that of privatisation together with globalisation. Until recently, it was taken for granted that the government would provide certain basic services and protests were largely confined to the ballot box.

In Australia, good examples exist of what public pressure can mean. The launch of the "No Sweatshop" clothing label indicates a growing level of concern for the working conditions of garment makers at home and overseas, as does the Australian support for the Nike campaigns. Most recently, many questions have been raised about corporate regulation in Australia following the collapse of HIH.

Finally, the future is not one in which fantastic innovation, an excellent product, efficient production and brilliant marketing will be enough. If organisations want to excel in the long run they need to ensure that technology, business and profits are based on sound ethics and acceptable views. This means, ensuring that what they do considers social expectations and is acceptable to civil society in its many forms. Unlike Australian icons, Messrs Bond and Skase, we need to continually ask at each stage and with every decision, if the need really justifies the means.

The most pertinent change resulting from technological advancement is of course the future roles to be played by information technology (IT). Advancement in IT will bring far-reaching implications. Firstly, there will be change in the types of workers required. The blue-collar workers will be needed less and less, while knowledge workers will be required more and more.

Secondly, as a consequence of the first implication, savings from cheap labour may not be sufficient to compensate the rising transportation of costs. This realisation has encouraged transnationals to establish plants were the markets are rather than where the labour and other materials are.

Thirdly, there will be a tremendous change in the structure of organisations. The functions of the executives and managers will be different because we will not expect so many levels of hierarchy, since most of the analytical and technicalities would be taken over by the computer specialists.

Corporate ethics may be broadly understood as the application of ethics to corporate affairs. By this we mean that the corporate mission, objectives, strategies, programmes and all its operations are undertaken within the realms of ethics. In other words, every decision, judgement or action is only performed when it is ethical to do so. The question of whether it is ethical or not will depend on the beliefs we have, the values we uphold and the judgements we make about them. It is the beliefs and values that the corporation uphold that will determine whether the decisions and judgements are ethical or not.

The beliefs and values the corporations uphold will have to be consistent with those of the society in which the corporations operate. Otherwise, there will be contradictions and conflicts at various levels. When such contradictions and conflicts arise, it will not be possible for the corporation to maintain its beliefs or values.

Generally, there are four levels of issues in business ethics. The fist level may be called "societal", relates to issues of basic institutions in society. An example inclues, should we tolerate gross income inequalities in society? Corporate leaders, by virtue of their wealth, influence and power should be able to shape debates of societal-level issues.

The second level may be called that of stakeholders. These include the owners, shareholders, suppliers, customers etc. At this level, issues raised are those pertaining to how a corporation should handle the external groups who are either directly or indirectly affected by its decisions and how the stakeholders should deal with the organisation. Example, insider trading. These questions relate to policy matters and decisions on them are made daily.

The third issue relates to "internal policy", particularly those concerning the employer-employee relationships. Example, what is a fair contract? These questions provide opportunities for the organisation to be socially responsive to its employees.

Finally, we have the "personal level" issues on morality. The questions here relate to the way the people treat one another in the organisation and deal with the day-to-day issues of life in any organisation.

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Marketing Principles

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II.INTENDED STRATEGY

A)Portfolio Analysis

B)Grow Market

Because region 6 is a growing market, we are fully aware that it will take a very good defensive strategic marketing plan, including a substantial amount of marketing effort and investment to protect our leadership position for product 1-1.

Our strategy to grow market and protect our leadership position is vital to our short-run profits. It will enable us to meet the expenses required for increased marketing spending and provide long-term growth and profitability.

One of our strategies was to increase our manufacturing price each quarter by an average of 4%. Because this region is not sensitive to price, this strategy would result in larger revenue and margins for the firm.

Another strategy was to increase marketing support spending. Advertising and promotion spending was increased in order to improve awareness, perceived performance and convenience. Research and Development was increased each quarter by the maximum amount allowed ($50,000). The thought behind this was that R&D would have a great impact on our quality perception, performance and ultimately, customer satisfaction. This all leads to retained and ultimately, new customers.

C)Grow Market Share

In Quarter 1, Firm 1 was still marketing product 1- in region 4. Product 1- had been declining in unit sales from 17,778 units in Q8 to 8,50 units in Q1.Firm 1 reformulated product 1-4 in Q1. Upon review of product 1-4's formulation, we determined that its formula was much closer to the consumer preferences in Region 4 than the current product 1-. Since product 1- sales continued to slip, we decided to introduce product 1-4 in region 4 in Q1 and drop product 1-.

Introducing product 1-4 in Region 4 saved reformulation costs. An attempt to reformulate product 1- would have also had an impact in region 5, because firm 1 has been marketing product 1- in region 5. Therefore the decision to introduce product 1-4 in region 4 saved reformulation expenses and it allowed product 1- to continue to be marketed in region 5 without impacting its formulation.

D)Protect Strategy

The strategy followed in regionwas directed to protect the market leadership of product 1-. The product enjoyed a 46.1% market share in Q1, and shortly thereafter, competitors appeared with higher product performances that presented serious threats. The strategy to maintain market share was based on the following points

·Spending a high amount in advertising (well above the optimum marketing productivity point) to establish a barrier of entry to competitors wishing to advertise new products

·High spending also in promotion, directed to dealers, to have the product available in every store in the region

·Price level in the top range of the industry, to maintain the image of a quality product with a good reputation and brand name

This strategy allowed the product to keep its market share at 4.% maintain the highest price in Q1, and never losing leadership position, although there were multiple attempts by products 4- and 6-.

E)Harvest Price Strategy

In region 5, our firm developed a "Harvest Price Strategy" in order to capture market share since this region was very price sensitive. In order to achieve this strategy we kept the same composition of the product since quarter 11. This allowed us to enjoy a much lower cost (due to the learning curve effect) than our competitors and also to have more room to decrease the price in order to capture market share.

III.TACTICAL DECISION MAKING TOOLS

A)Capacity Utilization Model

Capacity management was critical to the simulation, given that at the start, all firms faced a serious overcapacity issue. A spreadsheet model was developed to help the firm's management team make informed and precise capacity management decisions (see Capacity Utilization Model below).

The model calculates the plant's depreciation given the actual plant capacity and production volumes. Each quarter, a new forecast for future production volume is entered into the model (according to future sales predictions) and the model executes the optimum value for the production order capacity that maintains a capacity utilization close to 100%, thus minimizing future depreciation expenses.

Capacity Utilization Model

B)Reformulation Monitoring

A reformulation tool was developed by the firm and was used extensively in the reformulation decision-making process, to determine both the feasibility of reformulating a given product, and which reformulation would violate a patent infringement (see Reformulation Feasibility Tool below).

Each quarter the reformulation activity obtained from the marketing report # was analyzed and entered into a spreadsheet. This information, combined with the customers' preferences obtained from market report #47, enabled us to calculate the "closeness" of each product to the "ideal" required by the customers in any given region.

Additionally, a predictive tool that forecasts future customers' needs in each region, was used on many occasions to reformulate according to future, rather than present needs, giving us an advantage over our competitors that were thought to have locked in on the ideal formulation.

Reformulation Feasibility Tool

C)Regional Competitive Comparison Tool

A competitive comparison tool developed by the firm provided an at-a-glance, easy to follow summary of the marketing activity spending levels, and key performance indicators in each region (see sample Regional Competitive Comparison Tool). This tool is used extensively and is reviewed by each regional manager at the weekly regional manager's meeting. It assists in influencing future marketing actions based on competitor's activity.

Regional Competitive Comparison Tool

D)Proforma Income Statement

IV.OPERATING RESULTS

A)Identification of Key Turning Points

The most important turning points resulted from key decisions we made related to the products offered in each region. Specifically, the rapid divestiture of poor performing products proved to be very successful in minimizing losses, while appropriate reformulations fueled growth in profits and market shares.

Our product introductions and formulation decisions were supported with aggressive advertising and promotional spending in order to differentiate them from the competition, and develop brand awareness and dealer availability.

Examples of decisions that ignited key turnings in our performance are

·Introduced product 1-1 in region 6 immediately, in order to position ourselves in the region and gain first mover advantage. We were able to achieve and maintain over 50% market share for the next four quarters following the introduction of this product.

·Divested product 1-1 in region 1 at the beginning of the simulation (Q11) since its performance and composition were very weak for the region.

·Dropped product 1-1 from region 5 right at the beginning of the simulation, which helped to strengthen the position of product 1-, achieving great improvement in profits and market share.

·Reformulated product 1- in Q15, sold in region , to a formulation forecasted to be the consumer's choice. As a result, product performance perception stopped downward trend, and grew from 8. in Q14 to 76.1 in Q1.

·Dropped product 1- in Q1, sold in region 4 and introduced product 1-4. Unit sales dropped from 8,50 units in Q1 to ,468 units in Q1, producing an operating loss of $,448,05. After several minor reformulation and marketing decision changes, this region finally began generating a positive net income in Q18.

B)Critical Self Evaluation - SWOT Analysis

Strengths·Advanced Marketing Technology tools (reformulation, capacity planning, competitive comparison)·Positive Work environment·Clear marketing plan·Increasing market share·Increasing revenue and operating incomeWeaknesses·Marketing productivity·Marketing spending·Capacity·Divesting of low producing products too quickly

Opportunities·Population in the region is growing at a constant rate·Improving performance indicators·Reduce marketing spending·Threats·Market demand fluctuates according to unknown factors, making it difficult to forecast.·Increased competition·Changing buyer preference·Price competition

C)Summary of Accomplishments

·Maintained market leadership in regionthroughout the entire simulation.

·Product 1- sold 58,681 units in the th quarter, generating $607 million in revenue and $18 million in operating income for the firm "cash cow".

·Product 1- continually generated positive cash flow for the firm, which was needed to realize investments in plant capacity and enter new markets.

·Successfully introduced a new product into region 4.

·Leader in brand quality

·Quarter after quarter improvements in Key Performance indicators through effective marketing investment.

·Quarterly increases in unit sales and market share.

·All four products are producing a positive net income in all of the active regions for firm 1 as of Q18.

·Improvement in the key performance indicators through an effective marketing spending in region 5.

Failures

·Product 1-1 began losing market share due to product formulation. Opportunity to reformulate was missed in Q16.

·It took 5 quarters before region 4 began to generate a positive operating income after introducing product 1-4 in Q1.

·Missed the opportunity to reformulate at the right time. Product 4- reformulated in Q1 and took the leadership in product performance. It took a new reformulation and 6 quarters to have the best performance again.

·Since we had capacity problems at the onset of the simulation, the number of units produced of product 1- in region 5 and product 1-1 in region 6 was affected. As a result, fewer units were produced and sold and market share was lost (for quarter 1 and 14).

V.CONCLUSION

A)Key Learning Outcomes

·The importance of making informed decisions based on facts, supported by numerical analysis.

·Monitor a product's performance within a region.

·Always know what your competitors are doing.

·The firm's capacity should be constantly evaluated.

·Perform marketing strategies for a product (price, marketing, spending).

·Don't take for granted the good performance of the product; its subject to change at any time.

·When making decisions, each region/product should be evaluated as a team and not individually.

·Use proven methods when making marketing decisions.

·Don't reinvent the wheel- copy with pride.

·Division of labor increases overall efficiency and effectiveness of the firm.

·Be data driven.

B)Changes if Repeated

·Consider reformulating more frequently in order to capture even more market share.

·Perform more price sensitivity analysis, to be better able to set the price at the right level and to extract the maximum consumer surplus possible.

·Consider a harvest strategy for product 1- rather than the quick divestment strategy that was taken in Q1. A gradual exit from the market may have helped to generate some income from product 1- while trying to get product 1-4 established in region 4.

C)Advise for Future Management Team

·See which is the capacity of the firm in order to produce the total units for selling.

·Create tools that will help determine present and future capacity requirements

·Create tools in order to monitor and see what is the "Ideal" composition of the product for every region.

·Be the first in introducing a product within a new region

·Introduce a product into an unfilled market as soon as possible. The introduction of product 1-1 in region 6 during Q1 helped Firm 1 to generate a significant amount of sales revenue and operating income. Firm 1 was the market share leader in region 6 from Q1 through Q18.

·Utilize decision-making tools (capacity and ideal formulation spreadsheets) that help the management group make good strategic marketing decisions from the marketing research data that is purchased. These tools also help to make effective use of the group's time when they meet to make decisions.

·Evaluate all decisions as a team prior to submission

·Obtain consultation from Dr. Merz on items, actions and/or results that cannot be explained.

·Don't reinvent the wheel, use the tools that are proven and available.

·Utilize the diversity of the team (area of expertise) to divide the work.

·Be flexible and open minded to different ideas and suggestions.

·Don't rely heavily on forecasted marketing research data.

Please note that this sample paper on Marketing Principles is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Marketing Principles, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Marketing Principles will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Convergence: explore this concept in historical, technological and creative terms. Reflect on possible implications for film and television as convergence becomes a reality. What does it mean for creators and producers, for big business and for the public

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Many events or happenings throughout history with regard to organisations, corporations, goods and services have come about due to convergence, even if the world has only just started to recognise them.Today, major instances of corporate convergence can be found with media and software companies (AOL Seven); Insurance companies (RACQ GIO); Banks (Suncorp Metway) and many more.However, convergence is more than the merging of two companies.Convergence can be the result of new technologies coming in to play, which, especially today is one of the foremost reasons.One form of technology in particular, has influenced more convergence-related decisions than any other.The Internet.

Since the creation of, and the rapidly growing popularity of the internet, many new companies have been created, but many companies have merged, adapted and converged to put their product online and make it available to the global consumer network.There are corporations like CNN, an American television news network who have now converged and expanded their broadcasting reach to a worldwide audience.Newspapers around the world have also converged their print medium with the virtual medium to broadcast their news to every person who has access to the Internet.Aside from the news media industry, there has been great interest in online shopping and online auctioning.The most widely known of each being Amazon.com and Ebay.To become the popular and productive companies they are today, elements of convergence have taken place.

Convergence comes in many forms, and I'm sure there are some forms yet to be generated by humanity's creations and discoveries.One form of convergence existing today, however is cultural.Cultural convergence was far more significant in the centuries before this, because cultures were much more isolated, such that any relations between cultures sparked major influences and ideas, as well as concepts and creations.Today, we have a highly multicultural and globalised world, with any culture or group of people having the opportunity to interact with any other around the world.While cultural convergence was more significant several hundred ears ago, it is more common and widespread today, very often with cultural and multicultural hybrids being created.Music, in many cases, for example is incredibly diverse and culturally ambitious in comparison.A band in Australia may use standard instruments like guitars and drums, but also incorporate steel drums from island cultures, flutes from eastern areas, and bagpipes from a western culture in Scotland.

All the forms of convergence, not only the ones listed above, greatly affect the creativity of every individual in their community.Furthermore, the convergence of these creations spark new and unique creations in an ever growing 'creative snowball.'Since the invention and accessibility of the Internet, many people have redirected their creativity to include or focus on communication design related ideas.A novelist of ten years ago may be experimenting or even working solely with hypertext on the Internet.The creative possibilities made available by convergence are endless, and will forever be infinite.One concept that has been realised recently is intellectual property.Dealing with copyrights, patents and trademarks, steps have been taken to ensure that creations which now physically exist are protected in ways that prevent another person or organization from using the creation for their own purposes.Such creations include music, film & TV, literature, communication design, artwork, graphic design and mechanical or technological inventions.

Not unlike every other industry, there have been great occurrences of convergence in the film industry since the very late 1800's.Ever since the very first films, film makers have seen the work of people in foreign countries, which has initiated a convergence of cultures and the beginnings of different movements in film history.In the nineteen thirties, American film makers observed what the French were producing, and thus incorporated some of those ideas with their own, created the American film noir period.There currently doesn't seem to be any sort of trend or 'period' of film making occurring at the moment in Australia and the rest of the world, but this doesn't mean there isn't one.We may realise it in years to come.

When you look at convergence and how it relates to the film and television industries today, very few bad points can be seen.There is such vast spread of new hybrid industries involving film and television that can be distinguished easily.The jobs in traditional television, as we have known it for decades, are very likely to be unchanged and secure for quite some time.Millions of people around the world still sit down in front of their television and watch it like they have since childhood, and until high-end Internet technology is more widely accessible, this will stay the same.The content on television stations over the past twenty years has not changed very much at all.The main difference lies in the form it takes, for example, with the developments in computer technology, children can now watch computer generated D television programs as an alternative to traditional animations.This sort of minor technology driven change doesn't affect local content producers in any major way.

At one stage, around the release of movies like Final Fantasy, film actors and actresses were getting extremely worried about their futures, expressing fear of being replaced by computers.Although a computer controlled world is the subject of many popular science fiction films, I remain doubtful that it will become reality.Regardless of how it is delivered, audiences will always need a 'human' aspect to their films and television.There also is a great chance some of these new hybrid industries will be extinguished in the coming years due to the rapidly progressing technological development of the world.

A changing part of the television industry today is the more ways it can be broadcast and delivered to audiences around the world.The worldwide online audience can watch news articles, sporting events and television shows like 'Big Brother' on the Internet, whenever they like.The presence of television style video media on the Internet is always growing.This kind of development in technology and popularity does change the industry in some ways, however they are still not radical changes that affects everyone and everything.What it does achieve is more opportunities to work in the television industry, because some broadcasting agencies are producing Internet specific television which means more specialised crews have to be hired.

There is some interest being expressed about producing films for Internet distribution.At the moment, there are various online film sites where users, and in most cases, paying subscribers can download and watch short films produced directly for the worldwide online audience.This does mean that they aren't generating revenue from box office sales, but that is irrelevant anyhow, short films rarely get shown in cinemas.It is highly beneficial for the film maker to be able to deliver their work to anyone in the world, to gain widespread recognition.This in turn can lead to being seen as a skilled film maker and provide even amateurs with opportunities to produce something for the worldwide market, outside of the Internet.

It is not only amateurs using the internet as a global showcase, well known and established writers, directors, producers and even crew members are using the internet as means for free distribution.Alex Proyas, for example is widely recognised as the director of 'The Crow' and writer/director of 'Dark City,' which were both very successful films for him.He has produced a website (www.mysteryclock.com) where anyone in the world with Internet access can download a few one minute films that he has created. Not only this, he has provided the opportunity for new film makers to submit scripts for one-minute films to him, the best of which, he will help produce.This sort of opportunity for new film makers is extremely valuable for delivering their creations to the worldwide audience to gain some recognition as a skilled artist.

In reality, the Internet provides film makers with a very low cost distribution service.Although they don't benefit from box office sales, with good marketing ideas, they can have their film seen by millions of people around the world.This opportunity gives so many more people a chance to have their work noticed, because, without the Internet, the only chance for this to happen is if the short film is screened at a film festival or on television.That chance is extremely slim.The implications of this technological convergence are that more people have the opportunity to get their work out into the world for people to see and notice.

It is only recently convergence has become so hugely corporate which may be an indication of what is to come.Due to the apparent failure of some converged corporations in their first year of big business convergence (AOL Time Warner), the amount of converging corporations may not be as big as expected.On the other hand, it may just inspire other organisations to learn from the mistakes of others and try to succeed where they failed.To exemplify, AOL has had another go at convergence with another corporation, the Seven network.

When seen from a public perspective, it's hard to tell how effective these forms of convergence are, as far as popularity.When it comes down to it, it's all about who has got the money, and who can be bothered.Why would people who have television, which is free, pay money to access an interactive version on their computer, where the information takes longer to get to them?I am one of these people, and I'm sure there's at least thousands more, probably millions.Of the 0 million (roughly) Australians, I would guess that no more than 100,000 have subscribed to something like AOL Seven Broadband.It does deliver a lot of content that's not seen on television, but the public generally isn't interested.On their free television stations, they have movies, soaps, reality TV, documentaries, news, drama serials and much more.Furthermore, if they want to know specific things like the results of an Italian soccer match, there's plenty of free websites they can access to find out.Generally speaking.

I can imagine that local content creators and producers were worried about losing their market with the big business convergence happening around them, but at this stage, I see no reason for that worry.Millions of people are still going to sit down and watch their television, there isn't ever going to be a mass pilgrimage to computers and the Internet.Moreover, we still have to realise that for the general population, television isn't something they live for and need to survive.If there's something the public want to know about in the world, then there's easily enough ways to do so, for free.

Please note that this sample paper on Convergence: explore this concept in historical, technological and creative terms. Reflect on possible implications for film and television as convergence becomes a reality. What does it mean for creators and producers, for big business and for the public is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Convergence: explore this concept in historical, technological and creative terms. Reflect on possible implications for film and television as convergence becomes a reality. What does it mean for creators and producers, for big business and for the public, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Convergence: explore this concept in historical, technological and creative terms. Reflect on possible implications for film and television as convergence becomes a reality. What does it mean for creators and producers, for big business and for the public will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Vonnegut and his inconsistency

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The America in which Kurt Vonnegut finds himself is a country of broken promises.His ancestors emigrated to America to escape poverty, encouraged by the hope of a new way of life, epitomized by the American Dream.This is the dominant philosophy in American society, that if you work hard enough, you can achieve anything that you want to.Vonnegut's novels express a dissatisfaction with this view, a desire for a more realistic and useful approach to life.What Vonnegut likes to point out is an intrinsic fault in the structure of America.This country is almost entirely composed of immigrants, from a vast cross section of culture.But rather than drawing on all these different cultures, they have been mangled and distorted to form the America of today.The various cultures have been left behind, in favor of a new identity, a strong part of which is the American Dream.Success in America is supposed to be dependent on hard work.Success for characters in Vonnegut's novel's is more likely to come about from what he terms 'dumb luck'and life is ruled by more random principles.He sees a country where the desires and needs of people have been taken over by those of business and government; what he desires is a return to the basic needs of people.Vonneguts books each have a unique feature of them dealing around the same problems.Through his books Vonnegut has created a unique relationship between the created image of humanity, people in general and Divinity, a divine power of God.Vonnegut also portrays family life as he experienced it through out his childhood while still including humanity and divinity.

Humanity is seen as a machine moving incontrollably forward, driven by several factors (such as greed for money and wealth, ambition, sex).The

Cheap Custom Essays on Vonnegut and his inconsistency

machine never stops, decency is unimportant, and human lives are also unimportant.The 'monster' moves onward, destroying everything that gets in its way.However,the machine also seems to be driven by a much high force, something completely our of humanity's control.

One thing that drives human beings is sexual lust as stated by Vonnegut.He suggests that people's inability to control their animal drives will lead the planet into doom, mostly by means of overpopulation.

Mary Hepburn, one of the main characters in Galapagos, describes, for example, "how easily a teenage virgin could be made pregnant by the seed of a male who was seeking sexual release and nothing else, who did not even like her"In Breakfast of Champions Vonnegut points out that most countries are in such a miserable condition that there is no more space for people, they have nothing to eat.Still they go on having sexual intercourse, which is, as Vonnegut reminds us, how babies are made."More babies are arriving all the timekicking and screaming, yelling for milk"Humanity, is producing more than it can sustain, yet it is ignorant of this fact."Just because something can reproduce, that doesn'tmean it should reproduce,"

Vonnegut does not only describe the drives of humanity, he uncovers the source of these lusts and of all the bad things humanity does. In Galapagos, the course is humanity's imagination, destructive ideas, and people's oversized brains."If catastrophe comes more easily to man than courtesy and decency," as suggested by Contemporary Authors, "man's large brain is to blame"Vonnegut asserts that the planet is basically innocent, "except for those big brains"These brains are "irresponsible, unreliable, hideously dangerous, wholly unrealistic" and they are "simply no damn good"These brains make people life. They generate crazy ideas in the heads of human beings who cannot help but carry them out. Vonnegut calls this aspect of human brains "diabolical"

A rather common tendency that humanity seems to have in Vonnegut's works are suicidal tendencies.How oftenthe reader encounters characters who die prematurely of their own will.So often, the bad ideas in people's brains make them do such a horrible thing as commit suicide.In Timequake, Vonnegut says that people are the smartest animals on the planet, who "hate being alive so much."A rather common manner of ending one's life is eating Drano, a poisonous chemical normally used for cleaning drains.Celia Hoover,the wife of one of the main characters of Breakfast of Champions and Deadeye Dick, commits suicide in this manner.Drano also appears later in Vonnegut's

books as a successful tool of deliberate self destruction.He writes that the Earth itself, humanity itself looked as it if were eating this chemical.

From reading Vonnegut, one can easily conclude that Vonnegut intends to show that people are stupid, that humanity as a whole is stupid, dumb and ignorant.From reading Vonnegut, one can easily conclude that Vonnegut intends to show that people are stupid, that humanity as a whole is stupid, dumb and ignorant.With several characters the writer takesit to the extreme, such asKimberleyintheChemistryProfessor.Theplays commentary calls her scatterbrained , but stupidity could be the image the reader forms when reading about her going to look up an unimportant comment in the library, a comment that has been uttered just by the way, and even more when, after a fewpages, Kimberley enters again and asks innocently Which buildingis the library?Others, more important characters, may be seen as stupid as well.Howard, forexample, seesBilly (Slaughterhouse Five) as a vaguely dissatisfied dupe, and adds that he is a blank and stupid man. In CatsCradle Bokonon says thathecouldwriteawholebook,a history of human stupidity and use it for a pillow.

Another quality of humanity corresponds stupidity.This quality is seen when Vonnegut desribes people as machines.In Sirensof Titan Vonnegutexplains the term machine.In his opinion, to be a machine is to be vulgar, to lack sensitivity and imagination.These traits or most of them, can be recognized in most human characters in Vonnegut's novels.

Humanity's vulgarity is obvious from perhaps everything Vonnegut has written from how people talk and how they act, from their 'animal' attitude towards sexuality etc.

That people are purposeful is also a very often expressed quality.People keep doing what they seem to be programmed for, what they seem to be designed for.One of these purposes is surely the already mentioned reproduction method.

Another aspect of Vonnegut's novels that can hint at the issue of purposefulness, is people being reduced into unthinking entities by various institutions.People are often seen as robots under orders, willing to do anything.In Sirens of TitanVonnegut describes soldiers as people with antennae in their heads, controlled by radio to do anything the commander chooses.

The only exception from the traits of 'a machine' applied to humanity is the lack of imagination.It cannot be said that his characters lack imagination.On the contrary, human imagination is often emphasized.It is a very important human quality of Vonnegut's humanity.

Man's inhumanity can be understood only tangentially, through science fiction devices.

The human being is most human--and most praiseworthywhen he lives wholeheartedly in his natural condition, working in the open, doing joyfully for his own support, loving other life, and being loved.Human worthhence significanceresides in the being of the human.

Vonnegut shows humanity in the worst light possible, over and over again describing human lives as precious and valuable in themselves.People do not need to prove to be worthy, their worth is there no matter what kind of person they happen to be.Vonnegut depicts usually broken down people, criminals, failures, while still showing the fact that their value is great, beyond measurement.

When describing Vonnegut's used of divinitythere is one thing in mind "entity".Divinity plays a part in almost all novels by Kurt Vonnegut and is seen from similar viewpoints.This is due to the fact that Vonnegut comes from a society where Christianity is the major religion, he in turn mainly refers to the 'Christian' God in his books.However, there are some expectations when Vonnegut replaces God with some other 'higher' force (such as Mother Nature in Galapagos, or Time in Jailbird) .These 'higher' forces carry the same attributes and usually have the same qualities as Vonnegut's God.

There is only one quality which could be isolated and studied independently on the relationship with humanity the lack of concern for anything, indifference and laziness.Even though Vonnegut admits, that God could have designed something like Heaven, or Paradise for good people to go to after death, the view that he lacks for human beings is still there.Vonnegut seems to be asking whether such a paradise can be considered tobe a kind of reward.Since God is, in his view indifferent towards the people, one cannot expect Him to be indifferent when it comes to the afterlife.

In Jailbird, Vonnegut presents two kinds of characters.They are not people versus God, they are people and years.It seems as though the years serve as a function that is played by god in the other novels something that makes people do things, something that is to blame instead of people.

In Timequake, there is a problem of free will apparently cause by God or any intelligent being.It is a timequake, a natural catastrophe which happens just as an earthequake might happen all of a sudden, with no-one's intention. Therefore, the re ader would not have to suspect divinity behind the scene.It is definitely a human quality or maybe "divine" quality, and not of something abstract, something not living.This may be understood in such a way that, even though Vonnegut is really speaking about a natural disaster, there is divinity acting the same way as timequake.It is divinity, as can be concluded, who drags us through life.

Vonnegut reveals in the shallow absurdities of life.If no human villain can be discovered, the Vonnegut seems to say that perhaps god is the villain…14

Vonnegut seldom addresses the question of God directly.Through his style, his humor, and especially through the form of science fiction he is able to sidestep every direct confrontation with the question of God.The question, however, seems to haunt him at every turn.If life were only hopelessly and idiotically absurd, then the whole question could be dismissed.But two circumstances will not allow the question to be dismissed.A certain design, a certain pattern is strangely discernible in events.And…secondly, man has an inquisitive nature which seeks to know the reasons for things.In conclusion the purpose of people is to love and to be happy.

Throughout his writings, Vonnegut illustrates man's necessity of family, whether hereditary or artifical.People often say that family is the basis of every state and every human society.Should family be broken, the society would break as well.The family in Vonnegut's books just seems not to work properly.Especially the relationship between father and son often fails to function correctly.

Vonnegut writes as though America would be more sincere if a more definite family atmostphere were implemented that catered to and made each citizen an absolute necessity to the machine.For a family utopia to exist, family members must observe a similar concept of conformity to ensure pleasure and fulfillment for all.By practicing basic rules of common decency this is achieved in beautiful proportions.Only as a member of expansive family groupings can man truly find his place in society and flourish amongst its support and companionship.

Drawing from familiar individuals and past experiences, Vonnegut relies on his own impression of families natural, and otherwise to create plot and relate his views to the reader audience.Using characters that very nearly mirror himself, his life, and the lives of his family, the author illustrates his theories through incidents of his theme.

When common decency is given higher priority than love in family relationships, the quality and quotient for success is greatly increased, bettering the entire situation.Where common decency is practiced, a bond is automatically formed between parties that creates a unity resembling family.As most individuals, struggling in their loneliness, are searching for such compassions from others, shared common decency offers the much needed family environment situation imperative in a profitable society.

Vonnegut constantly petitions society with the pervading message that 'you've got to be kind'.Vonnegut illustrates that this dependence is only successfully achieved in practicing common decency.Thus does Vonnegut create a web of interdependence and reliance on others for him characters; even in the midst of suffering and discomfort, to truly be satisfied one must rely on positive influences of others.

Most of Vonnegut's novels deal with life, seeking its true purpose.

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The human element - a fictional story

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The purple sky where Sarah lived cast a warm glow over the horizon, night was setting in. The great mountain that towered over everything else was obscured at the top by misty clouds. It sheltered the valley where the Yakkas lived, so the weather was always mild during the day. A river running through it supplied water to drink and meant that lush vegetation grow in abundance, providing perfect hunting ground and hiding the village from outsiders.

Her husband, Gregor Defray, had been hunting in the jungle of overgrown scrub around the village when a group of outsiders appeared climbing down the side of the great mountain. There were three humans. He told her how he went to attack, but hiding in the undergrowth he observed them and they were nothing more that the merest shadows of life. So worn down and thin from starvation that they might collapse at any moment. They weren't a threat and they wouldn't make a good meal, so curious about what had happened to them Gregor brought them back to his home. Sarah crossed her arms and glared at him. He was always bringing danger into their house, whereas outside it was mostly peaceful. Now he looked at her with the most doleful eyes and she could not resist him.

'Ok, they can stay, but we're keeping them outside' she conceded. She and Gregor scrubbed the thick layers of dirt off their wasted bodies, gave them clean clothes and water. The she put them out, tied them each to a rope that was long enough to stretch to the river near the house, and made sure she locked the backdoor firmly. Humans were thought to be dangerous but they hardly ever ventured over the mountain because it was too high and too treacherous. They were weak creatures but Sarah still slept uneasily that night and was up early the next morning, watching them through the window. Two of them were still asleep, huddled together to warmth. The third was sitting quite still on the log pile. Suddenly he leapt off and pounced on a small bird, catching its wing with his outstretched arms. He pulled it toward him and snapped its neck, killing it in an instant. Sarah let out a cry of astonishment and ducked in case he saw her. When she looked back he was plucking the bird and eating bits of its flesh. These were pets to Gregor, but she wanted nothing to do with them.

'You can feed them' she told him when he got up 'they're disgusting. No, in fact we shouldn't feed them at all we should get rid of them, Gregor, before they hurt someone.'

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'They wont harm anything,' he said casually strolling outside to look at the better.

'Besides we can train them' He looked at the humans and grinned happily, Gregor always loved dangerous pets, he even had a black widow spider once.

'Well what are you going to feed them?' Sarah asked.

She looked at the humans with a mixture of interest and loathing. They looked like Yakkas only with stubby teeth and dark eyes. One of them looked at her intently.He had long curly brown hair and thick beard.

'We can eat your leftovers' he said hoarsely, still dehydrated.

He sounded so pathetic that Sarah took pity on them, despite their savage eating habits and let Gregor keep them until they were once again fit and healthy. Gregor, far from training them like pets, have them taught in polite mannerisms and the right way to dress and how to ride a horse. He cut their hair so it was short like Yakka hair and shaved them, the result was stunning. They look so different it would have been hard to tell they were the same creatures but Sarah recognised the one with curly hair still because it refused to sit down straight no matter how much serum Gregor lavished on him. A friend of theirs came to visit one day and saw the humans riding about the yard and asked if they were relatives come to stay.

'No, we found them, they're human.' Gregor boasted, enjoying the look of shock on his friends face.

'How? They look so normal, so Yakka, its amazing. I thought humans were too stupid to ride horses.'

'These one can, I taught them' Gregor said 'The only thing I can change is their teeth, not long enough or sharp enough to be like ours and I can't make them grow'

It wasn't long before his friends spread the word and it travelled like wildfire. They soon became the talk of the town and the Yakka people would come out to see them riding across the scrubland, dressed like kings and shouting to each other.

Gregor was praised for his transformation of such wild creatures into civilised beings.

His success was heard of s o far away that he was called to a large city in Newdock, to train other captured humans. The richest gentry lived in Newdock and Gregor couldn't refuse even if he had wanted to. He packed in a frenzy of excitement.

'Oh Sarah, I'll get to see things we have only imagined. Riches greater than we would know how to spend. I will be gone a long time but I promise I'll bring back a fortune and we can live like royalty for the rest of our lives.'

Sarah wasn't happy at the though of looking after the humans while Gregor was away but she bit her tongue and let him go without saying a word. This was what he has dreamed about for years, living a better life and never having to worry about money. She waved him goodbye, hiding her sadness from him so he would be happy and told him to return home soon.

She took over caring for the humans. Their new impeccable manners made her forget they were wild and immoral creatures over the weeks to come and she began to like them. She let hem sleep downstairs in the living room next to the fireplace so they wouldn't be too cold, whereas before she would have been frightened for her life if they even got in the kitchen.

She began to teach then about Yakka society to continue her husband's work on them.

'We live with our parents until the time is right for us to get married and our parents pick a husband or wife for us. We have to show respect to others so our town can live in peace, and no fighting goes on.'

'How do you feed your young?' the one asked. 'You suck blood from other creatures don't you? How can your babies do that.' He said it with the same kind of disgust that Sarah had for them when they first met and she realised that their customs may seem wrong to them but looked at from another point of view, it was not them who were disgusting, but her own people.

'You drink the blood yourself, to keep it warm in your mouth and then you drizzle the blood into their mouths, how else.'

The curly haired one nodded at her reassuringly at her and looked into her eyes as if asking for more, but Sarah couldn't think what he was asking for, their was nothing more to tell about babies.

In return for her teaching they told her how they had been cast out of their hometown because they were mistakenly accused of robbing a church. The curly haired one who had spoken first grew to be her particular friend. She found him beautiful on the outside because he was different, but also because in his heart she thought he was the same. His dark eyes were powerful and forbidding, but also deep and soft. Sarah though she could see into the very depths of his soul. She called him Rogozhin, though it seemed a strange name to her, he said it was what his family called him and she showed him great respect by using it. Her husband would have laughed at her and told her not to get too attached to their pets, but he was not around.

When Sarah had to go into town she took Rogozhin with her and she showed him the small settlement with great pride.

'It is almost always peaceful here' she told him 'Yakkas value it above all else.' She showed him the temple they had erected at the north end of the village; it was small as it was all they could manage but rich in detail and materials. Master silk makers had decorated the inside in a rainbow of colours and the altar was stamped with gold leaf. Outside the most skilled carpenters had used the finest wood to craft a miniature steeple crowned the top of the temple and a brass bell rang inside it, calling all to worship Shakra, their god and creator of tranquillity.

The bell rang now, but for a very different reason. It signalled the end of a funeral, Mrs. Defrays. Her last living relative, her son, walked sombrely out the temple and back through the village to her house. It was now his. The rest of the villagers followed him, Sarah followed quietly behind them too to show her respect and Rogozhin followed her.

'What are they doing?' he asked

The son stood on the threshold while they each in turn bowed their heads toward him and returned to where they lived,

'This is a symbol of sympathy and acceptance of his new position in the village.' Sarah explained. 'Soon they will celebrate'

'Celebrate? That's horrible' Rogozhin cried

'Shhhh… It's our custom. When you die you achieve what the rest of us long for, eternal peace and living a higher existence.' She took his hand and walked his away from he scene before he had any more outbursts but when they got out of sight of the townsfolk he did not let go of her hand.

'Sarah, I think in falling in love with you' he said.

She tried to pull away from him again but he held her fast.

'I know we're different, you find me rough and uncivilised but I will make you love me one day Sarah, I promise'

Sarah didn't want him to make her love, she already did, but she was married and that man was not a man at all but a human being.

'Could you give up killing just for food and consume only blood like I do' she asked'We cannot love each other, we are not of the same world.'

This didn't stop Rogozhin, had become strong again and he held her to him.

'I'm married, stop it' she protested but without struggling to get free.

'He's never going to return, Sarah, he's got a new life now in a rich exciting world. He's forgotten about his place.'

A love affair did begin. Sarah tried to fight it but she loved him much more passionately lover than Gregor. Rogozhin's his emotions were raw and uncontrolled and she loved him for it. It wasn't long before the other humans heard of it, and cheers and clapped as Sarah walked by, arousing the suspicions of other folk.

After a while of doubtful watching they realised that their suspicions were right. Sarah was lowering herself to this humans level, she was debasing herself, breaking the sanctity of marriage. They were in uproar. Not in a long time had any Yakka upset the balance of nature as she did. They came for her, in the dead of night. A huge mob of them with flaming torches. They took Sarah from her room without waking her and brought her out side. There was a cry of anger from the crowd when they saw her restful slumber and she woke. The whole of the town seemed to be there. Their calm peaceful faces were hard and furious. One persons mistake and they all came down like a house of cards, their whole structure was paper thin.

'You are accused of breaking your marriage vows and of shaming this whole town by having a gross affair with a low vicious uncivilised human.'

'I'm not guilty' Sarah cried in panic 'he's gently and loving and he is civilised, my husband saw to that.'

The crowd roared again, more angry than ever before, she admitted her guilt and was unrepentant. They dragged her away from the house and back into the village where the constructed a makeshift platform and a rope.

'Hang her! Hang her!' they shouted.

The change in them was unbelievable, no one would never have foreseen this in such caring people, and in the in the gently violet glow of the morning they went back to normal, carrying on as if nothing had happened.

Rogozhin sat in the kitchen surrounded by his Sarah's things. They had taken her while he was still asleep, and he had no idea where they had taken her. The youngest human had woken but had been too scared to move. He told Rogozhin how they had taken her and were baying for blood. She wouldn't have been able to stop them. The blood-drained carcass of her last meal in front of him. Yakkas hunted wild animal carefully so as not to spill any blood but when it came to drinking them the best way was simply to bite into the neck, without any other preparation. The best meals were where the blood was still warm and the vein pumped the velvety smooth liquid directly into your mouth with no any extra pressure. Rogozhin's passion however was not the blood at all. He loved to eat the flesh, to tear into the dead body of an animal and rip off small chunks. Slowly chewing it and tasting the strong bitter flavour was ecstasy. He loved the way his stomach felt heavy and stretched when he had finished; it felt always light and relaxed with only blood to digest. Sarah had left he body for him, she hadn't needed to kill it her realised, she did it for him. The first time Sarah saw it she was shocked anddisgusted, but she had been expecting it because was human after all and the her love she accepted it eventually and helped him hide it, but the others would not be so understanding, they could not accept such violence in their precious bubble of calm. She had been right in the first place, he was a monster.

He went down to the waters edge and look at his reflection in the rushing water. His hair still stood up in places refusing to give up its human heritage. He couldn't change, he would always be like this, never accepted in the town he had grown to love through Sarah teachings and the woman he loved had paid for loving him. Filled with despair his walked into the river, feeling the rush of cold water round his legs and further until it reached his waist. This was punishment, he told himself. He deserved it, he was a gross mistake of nature. Then without looking back he stepped further, till the water swallowed up his entire being.

Word count 547

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