Leadership is the most important factor to ensure an effective and efficent organization

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The paradoxical issue of leadership has been such long subject of speculation and much has been focused on the determinants s of leadership effectiveness. Much of the leadership has been centered on the different concept of leadership, different ways of evaluating its effectiveness, and different approaches for studying leadership and how it forges and affects the effectiveness and the efficiency of a particular organization.

According to The Webster Dictionary, a leader is defined as a person who by force of example, talents or qualities of leadership plays a directing role, wields commanding influence, or has a following in any sphere of activity or thought. It defines leadership as that ingredient of personality that causes people to follow. Leadership is also conveniently defined as the ability to get things done through others, the process by which a leader exerts influence over others to move towards a vision. Leadership is distinguished from management, in that leadership implies a vision, or some sense of a higher and purpose beyond the day to day task of managing the work production of an organization or agency.

According to Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (000), efficiency is defined as "the quality of doing well with no waste of time or money" meanwhile effective is defined as "producing the intended result or a successful result". As such, Leadership is an act of securing, attaining results for the organization and with the optimum utilization of its resources. This entails very imperative and a high quality of traits or characteristics that leaders should possess that contribute to the effectiveness and efficiency of the particular organization.

Leadership can also be defined as the process of influencing people to direct their efforts toward the attainment of some particular goal or goals (Hodgetts and Kuratko, 186).

Invariably in a similar note, Leadership is defined as process used by the individual to influence group of members toward the achievement of group goals, where the group members view the influence as legitimate (Howell, and Costley, 001).

According to Howell and Costley, careful studies in organizations show that executive leadership can account for 45 percent of an organization's performance. Leadership also tends to make a difference in follower's satisfaction and performance and persevere the effectiveness and the efficiency of the organization.

The core characteristics of the definition of the above stated leadership are, firstly, leadership is a process or a reasonable systematic and continuous series of actions directed toward group goals. As such, leadership today should be referred as the pattern of behaviors that leaders exhibit rather than the individual or the properties or traits or qualities of the individuals. Secondly, leadership is the designed act to influence people to influence people to modify their behavior. Thirdly, leadership is characterized as a single individual who usually fulfills the role for a group. Fourthly, leadership influence is viewed by followers as reasonable and justified. Fifthly, leadership influence is directed towards achieving group goals.

Current leadership experts agree that effective leadership behavior depends on situational and follower characteristics. To be effective leaders means to be able to diagnose the situation and followers characteristics and this will determine the pattern of leadership behavior that will result in high performance. This suggests that leader's behavior differ from leadership traits or skills. Nevertheless, behavior and traits or skills interact to determine a leader's effectiveness.

Certain situational or followers characteristics can increase or decrease the effectiveness of a leader's behavior. Nevertheless, leaders have important roles to play in organizations, and effective leaders need to be aware of three tasks the effective leadership process diagnosing situations to determine the need for a specific leader behavior, providing the needed leader behavior and modify situations and/or follower to increase their ability to work effectively and/or independently of the leader in attaining high performance and positive attitudes.

According to Robert T. Justis, the level of leadership effectiveness is influenced strongly by the perceived task competency of the leader, by the reward dependency of the subordinate upon the leader, and by the interaction of these two variables.

Leadership in a traditional view of organization would entail strong directive and task skills, and a clear idea of the objective, usually formed by the individual independent of input from others. Leadership is deemed as a function of position, a power possessed only by the person at the top. The new context of organizations as a more complex and comprehensive call for a new paradigm in leadership. This is due to the fact that organizations and systems are now seen as interdependent, complex and diverse. The environment that the organization has to endure consists of complex network of customers, suppliers, and interlocking markets and subject to sudden, unpredictable change.

As such, a new model of leadership is needed to sustain and persevere to these new organization conditions and it entails new sets of behaviors and skills. Leaders need to have interpersonal attitude, the ability to authentically articulate core principles and a sense of meaning for oneself and for others, and the skill to tap the deep resources of creativity and passion of team members. According to Bolman & Deal (11), this is defined as the symbolic frame of leadership who can release the deep intrinsic motivation in staff and customers to increase loyalty, passion, and creativity that cannot be tapped by other means. Invariably, the political frame of effective leadership posits leaders as astute politician that employ power constructively, and offer a review of the literature on how this might be approached.

According to Steven Covey (10), attainment ofan effective and efficient organization is warrantedby leaders having built a high-trust culture where people are empowered to strive for their best, and seeking to align "strategy, style, structure and systems" with the professed mission and with the realities of the environment.

Leadership is inevitably the essence of the effectiveness and efficiency of an organization. As stated above leaders need to influence followers and he or she must use behavioral patterns in an effective manner. Failing which, followers are not influenced to achieve group goals. Types of situational and follower characteristics that leaders must consider in selecting the appropriate behavior should be identified. There are five core leader behavior patterns that should be adhered by leaders.

Firstly, the supportive behavior which entails the leader's role in showing concern for comfort and well being of followers; demonstrating considerate, kind, and understanding attitude in dealing with followers; being friendly and informative, and encouraging open two-way communication and follower development.

Secondly, directive leadership behavior refers to the leader's behavior in assigning followers to specific tasks, explaining the methods to be used in completing the tasks, clarifying expectations regarding quantity and quality of follower performance, setting goals for followers, planning and coordinating followers, and specifying roles and procedures to be followed.

Thirdly, the participating leadership involves followers in decision-making by consulting and getting ideas from followers. Followers are given opportunity in disseminating and constructing their own decisions with initial effort by the leaders or assigning a particular problem to a follower to resolve.

Fourthly, leader reward and punishment behavior entails the leader to provide intrinsic and extrinsic benefits and usually and in best practices is based on the follower's performance. Punishment is rendered for unwanted followers behaviors.

Fifthly, the charismatic leadership behavior involves the leader communicating a vision of the future that has ideological significance to the followers, arousing follower's needs which are relevant to goal accomplishment, serving as a role model, expressing high expectations and confidence in follower's capabilities, and projecting a high esteem degree of confidence.

The leadership behavioral patterns which are exhibited are not mutually exclusive although they are described as distinct from one another. Nevertheless, different behavioral patterns may serve different leadership patterns. There are other emerging leader behavior include the leaders role in boundary spanning, which is representing the group, protecting members from outsiders, obtaining resources, and resolving conflicts among members and with other groups. Leaders use behavioral patterns to influence followers to accomplish group or organization's goals. It is imperative for leaders to use a variety of behaviors to obtain desired outcomes with followers. Using of different combination of behaviors are called leadership styles. Most effective leaders demonstrate all of these behavioral patterns at one time or another based on the situation.

Leaders behavior have a constructive and influencing bearing on the psychological reactions(attitudes, feelings,perceptions,motivations and expectations) on the followers which in turn has an impact on the followers satisfaction with supervision, general job satisfaction, organizational commitment, job stress, role clarity, motivation and group cohesion. As such, positive effects ensure a pleasant working environment and facilitate attainment of organization goals. Meanwhile, negative effects reduce satisfaction and may result in resentment and uncooperative followers. This will result in the organization being ineffective and inefficient. The leadership behavior patterns have bearings on the organizational outcomes. Importance outcomes include high individual and group performance; low turnover, absenteeism, lateness, and grievance rates; and high quality levels, all of which result in a production organization. This suggest that a supportive leader tends to increase followers satisfaction (a psychological reaction) and a high level of job satisfaction among workers and naturally result in lower turnover, absenteeism, and grievance rates which may impose high production costs.

Even though the deliberations so far has centered or viewed as shared influence process based on a behavioral approach, it is appreciated that leadership should also be viewed as a specialized role which focuses on the attributes that determine selection of designated leaders. Traits and skills coupled with leadership behavior emanate an effective leadership and justify effective and efficient organization. It helps to say that positive trait and skills gives and added advantage to the leadership effectiveness.

Firstly, leaders should have a visionary mind or has the ability to give clear direction. Leaders are always engaged in the implementation of a change in complex systems and agencies. It is a critical element in this effort and the imitative to succeed and leaders will be needed to articulate a vision and motivate the aligned energy of groups of people, negotiate resources, resolves conflicts, keep the change process moving in the desired direction, and stimulate appropriate adjustment to ever-changing conditions. Leaders are attentive to visions by paying attention, synthesizing vision into a choice of direction and focusing attention by developing commitment. Leaders should be able to scan the horizon, identify future trends, and position the agency or system to meet future needs and basically inspire a shared vision.

Secondly, leadership entails the need of an interpersonal aptitude of the leader, the ability to authentically articulate core principles and a sense of meaning for oneself and for others, and the skill to tap the deep resources of creativity and passion of team members. Leadership is the willingness to coach and support people and have the tendency to reward a diversify set of skills, creatively aligned towards one outcome.

Thirdly, knowledge-sharing leadership involves the need for leaders to possess knowledge of the subject they are involved and should be sufficient to command the respect of his followers. In absence, the leadership's credibility is disputed and questioned. This will tend to construct an ineffectiveness and inefficiencies in the organization. Employees tend to be disoriented and lack the confidence in executing their work.

Fourthly, leadership needs the capacity and the tenacity to communicate with their followers especially in conveying their thoughts in a clear and concise manner. Leadership involves the competency to influence people to do what they want them to do. This is imperative so that goals and objectives of organizations are attained. It ensures the effectiveness of the organization to realize its goals.

In conclusion, evaluation of leadership effectiveness is coined in terms of the consequences of the leader's actions for followers and other organizational stakeholders. The different outcomes dictate the extent of organizational effectiveness and efficiency that the organization is nurtured, molded and strategised to enable the attainment of the organizational goals and objectives. Outcomes could be in the form of the performance and growth of the leader's group or organization, its preparedness to deal with challenges or crises, follower satisfaction with the leader, follower commitment to the group objectives, the psychological well being and development of the followers. Nevertheless, the most important should be the attainment of the organizational goals and performance effectively and efficiently. This is measured in terms of profits, profit margin, sales increase, market share, sales relative to targeted sales, return on investment, productivity, cost per unit of output and cost in relative to budget expenditures. Leadership must condone to a continuous effort to enhance group cohesiveness by improving the quality of work life, build the self-confidence of followers, increasing their skills, and contribute to the psychological development growth and development. This will eventually ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization when goals and performance of the organization is attained.

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Baccer

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Tobacco

Tobacco is a plant grown for its leaves that are smoked, chewed, or sniffed for a variety of effects. It is considered an addictive substance because it contains the chemical nicotine. The tobacco plant is believed to have originated in the Western Hemisphere. The cultivated species most often grown for North

American and European tobacco products is Nicotine Tabacum. The leaves of the plant are prepared for smoking, chewing, or sniffing. In addition nicotine tobacco contains over 45 carcinogens and more than 4,000 chemicals. Prior to

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European influence in the Americas, the Indians of Mexico and Peru used tobacco for the ceremonies, medical purposes and to alleviate hunger pains during famines. Columbus is credited with introducing tobacco into Europe. Tobacco use became widely accepted by the Portuguese, Spanish, French, British, and

Scandinavians. Explorers and sailors who became dependent upon tobacco began planting seeds at their ports of call, introducing the product into other parts of Europe and Asia. The colonist introduced tobacco on the American continent in the early 1600s. It became a major crop and trading commodity of the Jamestown

Colony. Over the years tobacco has been claimed as a cure for a wide range of ailments with varying forms of administration. Its social importance also grew over the years, even the point of denoting the modern women during the 1st part of the twentieth century. It was not until the 160s, with the introduction of medical research related to cigarette smoking that the adverse health effects of the tobacco became widely publicized. Unfortunately, most of the health hazards were only associated with cigarette smoking. While the number of cigarette smokers in the United States has continually decreased over recent years the number of smokeless tobacco users has steadily increased. Since the

170s a 15-fold increase in smokeless tobacco has been noted in adolescents 17 to 1 years old. This has most likely been related to the emphasis on smoke free environments, availability, increased advertising of smokeless products, and the false belief that smokeless tobacco is a safe alternative for those convinced they should stop smoking but who still want the nicotine effects of tobacco.

Although over 40 million people in the United States have quit smoking, about 50 million continue to smoke (about 5% of the population). Each year, approximately 1. million Americans quit smoking. In addition about two thirds of current smokers report they have never tried to quit. About 0 to 40% of those who have not tried to quit say they do not believe that the health risks of smoking will ultimately decrease their risks for disease. Young men are at highest risk for using tobacco products but the incidence in women is increasing. Smokeless tobacco use patterns are higher within the following occupations; athletes, ranchers, farmers, fishermen, lumberjacks, and industrial workers, who have jobs requiring hand freedom. Nicotine has both stimulant and depressant effects upon the body. Bowel tone and activity increases along with saliva and bronchial secretions. Stimulation is followed with a phase that depresses the respiratory muscles. As an euphoric agent, nicotine causes arousal as well as relaxation from stressful situations. On the average, tobacco use increases the heart rate 10 to 0 beats per minute and it increases the blood pressure reading by 5 to 10 millimeters of mercury (because it constricts the blood vessels). Nicotine may also increase sweating, nausea and diarrhea because of its effects on the central nervous system. Nicotines effect upon hormonal activities is also present. It elevates the blood level of glucose and increases insulin production. Nicotine also tends to enhance platelet aggregation, which may lead to blood clotting. The positive effects of nicotine upon the body should also be noted. It stimulates memory and alertness, enhancing cognitive skills that requires speed, reaction time and work performance. As a mood-altering agent, it tends to alleviate boredom, reduces stress, and reduces aggressive responses to stressful events. It also tends to be an appetite suppressant specifically decreasing the appetite for simple carbohydrates and disturbs the efficiency with which food is metabolized. People who use tobacco products frequently depend upon it to provide these side effects to help them accomplish certain tasks at specific levels. With all the information that is out today why do people continue to smoke? Since 164, the Surgeon General has warned that smoking is a health hazard this announcement promoted the U.S.

Public Health Service and The American Cancer Society to publicize the dangers of tobacco smoking, and offer suggestions to those trying to quit. Cigarette packages were required to carry the warningmay be hazardous to health. Later the wording was strengthened to readSmoking is

Dangerous to Your Health. The reason cigarette smokers do not give up this harmful habit easily is simple; Nicotine is a highly addictive substance like many other drugs. Smokers are hooked as surely as is any heroin or cocaine addict; giving up cigarettes creates painful withdrawal symptoms and a craving that many people cannot overcome. The Public Health Service has declared cigarettes and tobacco to be our most common form of drug dependency.

Researchers discovered that nicotine is carried to the brain via the bloodstream within a minute or two of smoking; its then eliminated about a half-hour later, and then the craving returns. Scientists and farmers have long known that nicotine is a deadly poison. They use a concentrated spray of the chemical, extracted from tobacco leaves as a potent insecticide. In humans, nicotine constricts the blood vessels, decreasing blood circulation to the skin and vital organs. Long term smokers tend to look much older than non-smokers- a result of the contraction of the capillaries on the skins surface, which prevents absorption of tissue building nutrients. Furthermore, smokers afflicted with arterial hardening and cholesterol deposits suffer a significantly higher number of heart attacks than non-smokers. The damaged blood vessels give way sooner, when shriveled by nicotine. Until the early 100s tobacco was usually chewed, inhaled as snuff, or smoked in cigars and pipes without being inhaled. In other words, nicotine was being absorbed into the bloodstream through the membranes of the mouth, nose, and bronchial passages, not through the lungs. The invention of cigarette paper and automatic rolling machinery changed all that, and soon tobacco users were puffing away on white wrapped sticks of tobacco. This introduced new toxins deep into the body, known collectively as tar.

These toxins are byproducts of the combustion of paper, tobacco, and chemicals in tobacco processing. The most lethal byproduct inhaled from burning tobacco is benzopyrene; a carcinogenic chemical also emitted by automobile exhaust pipes and factory smokestacks. In numerous tests, benzopyrene has been applied to the respiratory tracts of laboratory animals, and has usually resulted in malignant tumors. The leading killer among all forms of cancers, lung cancer currently claims about 140,000 victims annually. The American Cancer Society estimates that 87% of lung cancer deaths could be avoided if only people would stop smoking. Lung cancer isnt the only concern. The chemical irritants absorbed into the blood are excreted almost unchanged in the urine, and they can lead to the development of cancer of the kidneys, prostate glands, and bladder. The last

10 years have seen a shift inner awareness of the dangers of smoking. While we have known for three decades that smoking is a leading cause of cancer death, we have finally acknowledged that second hand smoke can cause the same problems as firsthand smoke. In early 1, in fact, the EPA classified second hand smoke a

Class A carcinogen. That label means Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) is every bit as potent as arsenic, asbestos, and radon in its ability to cause cancer. In

188, following years of study, the Surgeon General stated that sidetream smoke could be deadly for non-smokers. In addition to causing respiratory problems,

ETS is responsible for ,000 to 5,000 lung cancer deaths a year in non-smokers, as well as 5,000 to 40,000 deaths from heart disease. It is easy to see why tobacco smoke is so deadly. It contains more than 4,000 chemicals and at least

45 of its ingredients are known or suspected to be cancer causing. But what is truly alarming is that secondhand smoke contains greater concentrations of certain carcinogens than primary smoke. It also contains greater amounts of nicotine and tar, both strong and addictive toxins. The first interview I had conducted was with my grandmother who happily admits she has never been a smoker or tobacco user. Even though she has never used tobacco, she has firsthand experiences of what tobacco can do to a person and their family. The first story she told me was about how her husband and my grandfather, needed to have triple by-pass surgery. The surgery was performed in the spring of 11 and was successful; my grandfather still lives today. The doctor had told him that his smoking over the last 40 years was one of the biggest factors that made him need the surgery. My grandfather has since quit, but will be on medication for the rest of his life. The second story my grandmother had told me did not have such a happy ending. Her sister was only 5 years old when she was diagnosed with emphysema. The contributing factors were obvious, it was tobacco use. She sat and told me the stories of how she would sit by her sisters side feeling helpless because they were told that nothing could be done. My grandmother said of how her sister wished she knew the dangers of smoking when she was younger; because by the time she had found out she had no desire to quit because she had been smoking for so long. After a period of time the emphysema finally killed my aunt and left her husband, two children and many family members behind. These were two stories with different endings that my grandmother will never forget.

Stories like these should make society realize that tobacco is not a personal problem, it is a global problem. Everyone is affected by tobacco smoke, and it is time we all should get the proper education to learn about the dangers of cigarette smoke. More Americans are deciding to quit smoking due to its negative effects on their health, so the tobacco companies must find new ways to market their products. Studies show that most smokers start smoking as teens (80% before the age of 18) and if they dont start then, they will probably never smoke. The tobacco companies know this, so they target these children through advertisements. They also target the women more because women are more likely to be influenced than men are. The third most targeted population is the minority group. Currently in the United States the minorities make-up 5% of our population, this is a lot of people with a lot of money to spend on tobacco products. Tobacco companies spend $700,000 an hour trying to convince people smoking is fun and exciting. These companies need to recruit 5,000 new smokers each day, because 1,000 smokers will die and another 4,000 smokers quit each day. There are a lot of different methods that these advertisements companies use such as using good looking models to make smoking look fun and exciting.

They put ads in magazines and on billboards, they sponsor car races, rodeos, and sporting events to make smoking look like winners. They use cartoon characters so young people will recognize their brands and they also try to use free stuff coupons so you buy more cigarettes. With all this advertisement how can we prevent our children from smoking? The Federal Government along with state and local government have started their war with these tobacco companies.

They are trying to educate students on the dangers of smoking, through health educators and programs such as D.A.R.E. They have also used the same advertising techniques as tobacco companies, with their own anti-smoking campaign. Except they make smoking look terrible and show that to be a real winner you dont need to smoke. What about all these people who are currently addicted and want to quit smoking, what are we to do as health professionals? Numbers show there is a high percentage of American adults that want to quit smoking but just cant.

Like other addictive behaviors, tobacco use is difficult to stop and maintain, particularly if acting alone. The best success in quitting has been noted with comprehensive programs that may combine various strategies including education, peer support, behavior recognition, behavior modification methods, recognition of potential relapse situations, and strategies for confronting such situations.

Medications that are nicotine substitutes, such as transdermal nicotine or nicotine chewing gum may be used but their effectiveness ranges between 5%-40%.

There are also alternative methods such as hypnosis, acupuncture, or even cold turkey. Anyone of these methods can work with the proper support and total mindset upon quitting. The benefits of quitting are almost instant. Within 0 minutes blood pressure and pulse rate drop, body temperature of extremities increase to normal. Within 8 hours, risk of sudden heart attack decreases. After

48 hours nerve endings begin to regenerate and sense of smell and taste begin to return to normal. Betweenweeks andmonths of quitting, circulation improves and walking becomes easier. Lung function increases up to 0%. These benefits will increase the longer the person has not smoked. Given all the dangers of cigarette smoking it is not surprising that many states have taken legal action to protect non-smokers from secondhand smoke. More than 40 states and at least

480 communities have passed legislation to restrict smoking in public places. A majority of companies now have smoking policies that restrict or ban smoking in the workplace. We spend somebillion a year on medical care related to smoking, and lost productivity exceeds another 4 billion a year. As of 186 smokeless tobacco commercials were banned from TV and radio. As of 187 smokeless tobacco companies were required to have warning labels on them. The second interview I had conducted was with the Chief of City 1 Tobacco Control

Office, person 1. He told me about all the consequences and adverse effects that tobacco will produce, but more importantly we talked about what this city is doing to stop tobacco use among the people who live here. The citys first requirement is that all tobacco sellers need to have a tobacco permit, this allows the city to monitor the tobacco in the city. This also allows the tobacco control office to set up a database for compliance checks. These compliance checks will test stores for sale to minors and for signage in the stores. They have also created a new ordinance that will ban smoking in all restaurants, effective July 1, . They also work in conjunction with the D.A.R.E. program to educate children on the dangers of tobacco. These programs and ordinances work together to slow down tobacco use in this city. I have stated facts and figures on tobacco and the society it affects. This is a problem that people on all levels need to address. The government needs to put an end to tobacco companies.

Cities and states need to ban smoking in all public places to keep those who do not smoke healthy. Most importantly parents and all adults need to show children that smoking is dangerous, by not smoking ourselves. By everyone doing a little something to help this alleviate problem we can make our environment a much healthier place to live. There are billions of dollars invested in health care cessation programs, education, and prevention. Tobacco affects everyone; even if you do not smoke, all taxpayers are being affected and do not even realize it.

People are dying everyday from a drug that if not so socially and financially acceptable would be banned by now. Everyone has a reason to help in this cause whether it is global warming, pollution, taxes, or pain and suffering. Our society has been kept in the dark to long, and it is time we all fight to take back what is ours HEALTH.

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The Picture of Dorian Gray

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The Picture of Dorian Gray

"Ah! In what a monstrous moment of pride and passion he had prayed that the portrait should bear the burden of his days, and he keep the unsullied splendour of eternal youth! All his failure had been due to that" (18). This thought is concluded by Dorian Gray near the end of the novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde. It is only near the end of his constant downfall that Dorian realizes only too late that his wish to stay young and handsome, that his desire for which he said he would sell his soul, was a horrible mistake. He blames all of the wrong doings of his life, such as his callousness and murder, on his superficial bargain. Through the journey that Dorian takes in the novel, Oscar Wilde shows that vanity will only progress into feeling godliness and then result in one's corrupted immorality.

The first step leading to an immoral and corrupt lifestyle is in discovering one's own beauty, because than one will begin to value beauty above other aspects if life. Right from the start of the novel, other characters push Dorian towards conceit. His friends, Basil, the artist who often uses him as a subject, and Lord Henry Wotton, are such people. The oblivious Dorian, who at the beginning did not realize how good his looks were, then becomes vain. As the critic, Peter Raby of Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism Volume 41, puts it, "The artist Basil Hallward, obsessed and inspired by the youthful beauty of Dorian Gray, is about to complete his masterpiece, a full-length portrait. As Dorian poses, Lord Henry Wotton, the detached amoral observer, tempts him with words that stir him like music 'Ah! Realize your youth while you have it… Live the wonderful life that is in you!"'(). Here Lord Wotton stirs a new idea into Dorian's mind, and begins a new thought process of Dorian, that which values youth and beauty. Also known as Harry, Lord Henry also tells Dorian, "You are a wonderful creature" (1), and

You have a wonderfully beautiful face, Mr. Gray… And Beauty is a form of Geniusis higher, indeed, than Genius, as it needs no explanation...It has the divine right of sovereignty. It makes princes of those who have it. You smile? Ah! When you have lost it you won't smile ().

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Harry here flatters Dorian, and gives Dorian the impression that beauty alone will get him anything. He goes on to fill Dorian's head with the thought that there are no triumphs left for a man once his beauty is gone, and that he needs to live his life as much as he can and hold on to his youth as long as possible. Youth and beauty to Harry are the only valuable characteristics to have.

Soon after the conversation between Dorian and Harry took place, Dorian sees his portrait. It was "the finest portrait of modern times'and when Dorian sees it, a look of joy comes to his eyes, 'as if he had recognized himself for the first time.' The sense of his own beauty comes on him like a revelation"(). Dorian says that he is "jealous of everything whose beauty does not die" (6). Raby adds on to this by saying that, "The picture has become endued with terrible significance…to Dorian, it reveals the transitory nature of his beauty so acutely that he is jealous of it"().Dorian than gets into an argument with Basil. Dorian tells Basil that he fears that once he gets his first wrinkle, he will no longer mean anything to Basil. He tells Basil that, "Lord Henry Wotton is perfectly right. Youth is the only thing worth having. When I find that I am growing old, I shall kill myself" (6). Basil, for fear that the painting would come between them, then attempts to destroy it with a knife, but is prevented by Dorian. Dorian will not let him destroy such a beautiful portrait if himself, comparing it to the preciousness of a human life by saying it would be murder.

Even in this short amount of time, over the course of a couple of hours, Dorian places this large amount value on his image. Already, this vanity causes him to believe that life is not worth living if he cannot have is good looks. Once Dorian establishes that he wants to stay young, he makes his fatal wish that his portrait will bare his signs of aging and sin, and that for that he would sell his soul. He would give up his soul, all that is good in him, to remain beautiful.

Once one gets too vain, one will start to develop a sense that he or she is more important than anyone else, and then, in turn, he or she also ceases to care about anyone else. After often making trips to the theatre, Dorian falls in love with a young actress, Sibyl Vane. Sibyl wonderfully acts the parts of all the heroines in the classic plays. He thinks that since she is gorgeous and that everyone loves her acting, she is worthy of him. After his professes his love for her and they get engaged, however, her performances on stage start to suffer. Sibyl sees this as a good sign, showing that she has found a love that is real and above the ones she has always acted on stage, which now means nothing to her. Dorian, however, sees this poor acting negatively. "If she failed there, there was nothing in her" (7-74). He tells Sibyl, that, "I loved you because you were marvelous…You have thrown it all away. You are shallow and stupid…I will never see you again. I will never think of you" (77). At this point, Dorian feels that he is too good for her, if she cannot perform up to his superficial expectations. This woman that he said was "everything to me"(87), was now not worthy of or of any matter to him.

When Dorian gets home, he sees that his portrait has changed, for the first time. "One would have said that there was a touch of cruelty in the mouth. Dorian's first selfish, heartless action shows that Dorian thinks of himself above all others. He does not care about what happens to any one else. As another critic in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism Volume 41, Epifanio San Juan, Jr., puts it, Dorian "yields nonetheless to an inner fatality, a passionate indifference which makes him incapable of feeling compassion for others"(58). This lack of compassion is the first sign of the corruption of Dorian's soul because of his vanity.

Soon after he broke her heart, Dorian finds out that Sibyl Vane had killed herself that same night. At this point Dorian "repentsbut only for a while"(San Juan, Jr., 58). Dorian says to Harry, "It has all the terrible beauty if a Greek tragedy, a tragedy in which I took a great part, but by which I have not been wounded" (88). Clearly, Dorian is not able to truly care for someone other than his self.All he is worried about when he denies Sibyl is his pride, his image, and having a seemingly perfect bride. Harry is not surprised when Dorian says that he feels little impact of the tragedy. He tells Dorian to not mourn over a girl he only loved for the characters she played anyway. Dorian agrees, and then says, "I cannot repeat an emotion. No one can, except sentimentalists" (6). Someone who was actually in love would mourn for years, not shrug off the death of the woman he loved; the death caused by him. In saying that only a sentimentalist repeats an emotion, he expresses that he thinks that emotions and feelings are unnecessary. He simply moves on with his own life in which he is so absorbed, and remains unaffected by anything that happens to anyone else's life.

As time goes on, Dorian continues to feel that he is above all else in the world, that nothing can affect him. He begins to mock the picture that leaves him untouched from any sin he commits. "He himself would…stand, with a mirror, in front of the portrait…looking now at the evil and aging face on the canvas, and now at the fair young face that laughed back at him from the polished glass"(11). He laughs at the portrait. Anything he ever does, will only ever affect the portrait. He can get away with anything, and he would never lose his beauty. He is unique in this way. Others will age, but he will not. The sign of sin will never show on his face.In this way he is larger than life itself. He can hide from the challenges of time.

Finally, as vanity continues to progress into more sever levels, one's immorality will progress as well. Dorian is not ashamed or afraid of the corruption of his soul. "He [grows] more and more enamoured of his own beauty, more and more interested in the corruption of his own soul"(11). Basil, Dorian's former best friend, comes to Dorian to confront him about the change in him that becomes noticeable to many people. People talk about Dorian, saying that he has a bad influence over anyone he has a relationship with. All of Dorian's friends have developed tarnished reputations and lost all that they once had. Basil says to Dorian that all his close friends "seem to lose all sense of honour, of goodness, of purity. You have filled them with a madness for pleasure. They have gone down into the depths. You led them there…and yet you smile"(11-1). Basil's speech shows two things. The first being that Dorian obviously has become corrupt and sinful, leading himself and others to give into temptations, having a madness for pleasure, and not discerning the consequences. Dorian's friends do end up suffering, but Dorian cares little about that, because nothing apparent happens to his self. The second thing made clear in Basils' lecture is that Dorian takes pleasure in doing such things. He smiles when Basil blames him for this corruption and calls him evil. He smiles at his immorality, and takes pleasure in the fact that he will never have to pay for it with what is most important to him, his beauty.

After Basil tries to convince Dorian that he needs to start changing his ways and turn to God because only God can see one's soul, Dorian decides to show Basil his painting. He shows him his soul. Basil sees this horrifying image, and says that it has the eyes of the devil and tells Dorian that, "I worshipped you too much…You worshipped yourself too much. We are both punished"(17). Similarly put by San Juan, Jr., "when the soul reveals itself as overwhelmingly evil, … the artist, can only shrink away in horror and yield to the decadent, who can accept this vision and wring satisfaction from it"(68). A normal person sees the horror in the thing that Dorian derives pleasure and enjoyment from. With Basil's horror, he starts to pray and tells Dorian that he must repent. From this criticism and his craving for sin, Dorian suddenly gets a rush of offence and madness, and violently murders Basil with a knife. San Juan, Jr., concludes that, "The murder is an attempt on part to stifle the voice of goodness forever"(68). He is at the peak of his evilness brought about by his uncontrollable need to stay young.

As if the murder itself was not immoral enough, Dorian feels that "the secret of the whole thing was not to realize the situation. The friend who had painted the fatal portrait to which all his misery had been due, had gone out of his life. That was enough"(18). "How quickly it had all been done! He felt strangely calm"(18). Not only does Dorian slay one of his closest friends, he is practically unaffected by it. He pretends that it did not even happen. He does not posses any feelings or morals, nothing is out of line for him.

Once Basil was killed, Dorian avoids the thoughts of it for a day, and then blackmails an old friend into destroying the body. Alan, his old friend, a scientist, uses chemicals to completely destroy every part of the body. After it is done, Dorian goes up into the attack were the picture is and were the murder took place. "There was a horrible smell of nitric acid in the room. But the thing that had been sitting at the table was gone"(151). Dorian first blackmails and old friend, has the body destroyed without any respect, and even disregards the body as that "thing." Alan also later kills himself. Dorian forces him to do something against his own morals, and he cannot then live with himself. Dorian ceases to take blame for any of these crimes. He simply tries to convince himself that, "The murder had been simply the madness of a moment. As for Alan Campbell, his suicide had been his own act. He had chosen to do it. It was nothing to him"(10). Dorian's acts were immoral, and his conscience is not strong enough to make him realize his wrong doing.Led to believe that any sin that he commits will not affect him personally, Dorian ends up losing all restraints or morals that he once held for himself.

In time, however, as put by San Juan, Jr., as "the portrait records this evil act, … Dorian begins to lose his nerve. The sight of so much evil becomes intolerable even to him, and he finds himself unable to derive pleasure from his new sin"(68). He does not feel guilt so much as he feels like he has gone to far in corrupting his soul, and now it is a no longer enjoyable. This is when Dorian subconsciously realizes that this sin, "was a thing to be driven out of the mind, to be drugged with poppies, to be strangled lest it might strangle one itself"(140).Dorian never repents, but continues to pretend that it is not a sin. He turns to drugs to escape from the reality of what he has done. His nerves are shattered, and he tries to then reverse the corruption of his soul by living a more decent life. When he thinks he has achieved an honorable deed, Harry convinces him that maybe the deed was still a selfish act so Dorian could experience a new sensation. The picture becomes still more corroded. The only way to mask the ugliness of the portrait and the conscience which torments him, is to destroy it. Up until this point, "Dorian is so deluded that he does not even known, until the end of his life, that he has been living out a tragedy"(50). This is an observation from the critic Ted R. Spirey, of British Writers Volume V. Dorian then slays the portrait with the knife that killed Basil, and as he tries to destroy it, it is returned to its original beauty, and Dorian instantly becomes old and ugly, and dies with the knife in his own heart. Dorian Gray, having led a life of more sensation and pleasure, tries to kill conscience, and in doing that, he kills himself. Spirey compares Dorian's tragedy to those of Macbeth and Othello, all "gradually poisoned until their destructiveness forces them to face the fact that they have been deluded"(50). It is not until it is too late that Dorian realizes the error of his ways and that he put to much value in the wrong things.

A record of the steps that Dorian takes leading to his downfall is observed by the critic Peter Raby, and can be traced throughout the novel.In the beginning of the story when Basil and Dorian have their disagreement, and Basil almost destroys the painting. Dorian, already in love with the beauty of himself in the painting, will not let him, saying that this would be murder. This is when Dorian's vanity begins. He thinks that the painting is to beautiful to be destroyed, comparing it to that of a human life by saying it would be murder. The next step is when Dorian no longer cares about anyone or anything good and is at his most corrupted level. He uses a knife and kills the painter in front of the portrait. After this, Dorian no longer feels joy from his sin, and wants to destroy the ugly face of his soul. He stabs the picture with the same knife that killed its painter. The knife is then found stabbed in the heart of the dead, withered Dorian. The knife symbolizes the steps Dorian goes through, and is present at each major change in Dorian.

If not detected and overcome, vanity will develop into excessive self-absorption and immorality. Starting with discovering his great appearance, Dorian changes his view on life and his lifestyle. He places to much value on beauty and not enough on the soul. His carelessness for others leads to criminal and immoral acts, which destroy his soul and lead to his downfall. One needs to recognize their faults, or they will develop into more serious ones. If one thinks to highly of one's self, then he or she will never see the world of others. Without this, one cannot care for others or feel remorse for destroying another's life. If remorse is not felt, then the soul will never be saved and will continue to grow more corrupt until it is completely destroyed.

Please note that this sample paper on The Picture of Dorian Gray is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Picture of Dorian Gray, we are here to assist you.Your cheap research paperson The Picture of Dorian Gray will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Captial Punishment

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The execution of fellow human beings in the pursuit of justice is as old as human history.What began thousands of years ago as a profound method of retribution involving not only the families of the victims but often the whole town; has grown and shrunk, widened and narrowed, and within the last hundred years gradually been reduced to a small minority of countries still executing their citizens for convicted crimes.It is an issue strife with controversy, and is always surrounded by debate whenever approached.

This paper will address the history of the death penalty, from the far and distant past, though history until we reach the death penalty that we are familiar with today.We will specifically address Capital Punishment within the United States, how our citizens view it and how citizens of other countries view the U.S.We will address Capital Punishment and the law, both within the Federal Legal system and the State legal systems.

Finally, we will conclude with a view into the validity of capital punishment as a useful tool within today's society, how effective America's legal system is in meting out accurate justice, and a glimpse into some alternate measures that could be implemented in place of the death penalty.

Stoning was the earliest form of execution with recorded stonings dating back to 0001000 B.C.There was no formal legal process at the time, therefore early

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executions by stoning were unceremonious and brutal affairs.A typical stoning would consist of a family member of the harmed party or a witness to the crime placing a hand on the head of the offender in order "to mark them for execution".At this point, either one of the family members or the witness would cast the first stone.If he could not produce death alone, then the bystanders would hurl them also.As laws began to develop, Jewish law set forth a more involved execution ritual involving two witnesses, but the rudiments remained the same."When the offender came within four cubits of the place of execution, he was stripped naked, only leaving a covering before, and his hands being bound was led up to the fatal place, which was an eminence twice a man's height.The first executioner's of the sentence were the witnesses, who generally pulled off their clothes for the purposeone of them threw him down with great violence upon his loinsif he rolled upon his breast, he was turned upon his loins again, and if he died by the fall there was an end; but if not, the other witnesses took a great stone and dashed it upon his breast as he lay upon his back; and then, if he was not dispatched, all the people that stood by threw stones at him till he died." (Johnson 11)

As history progressed more involved methods of execution were devised coupled with different forms of legal proceedings.Hanging by strangulation became a method of choice throughout much of the then "civilized world".In the Middle Ages, executions became a sort of pageantry, involving the whole town in a form of brutal entertainment.

After being convicted of a crime and sentenced to death (Confessions were usually produced through torture immediately following capture) an elaborate ceremony

followed in the town square.The accused would be paraded through the crowd, who were encouraged to heckle and ridicule.The accused was then led up before a nobleman or priest of the King's courts who would notify him of his crime and pronounce him to be sentenced to death through various forms of mutilation and torture.Some of the more popular procedures were, hang the person, cut them down immediately prior to death, and then disembowel or carve out his intestines and cut him into four pieces (This is commonly known as "to draw and quarter".Another method was known as "breaking on the wheel"The accused was placed upon a wheel-like platform.The executioner then proceeded to break the arms and legs of the accused with a heavy iron bar.The mangled remains were then turned rapidly, scattering gore about, until the victim was dead.Another popular medieval execution was "sawing the victim in pieces", in this type, the accused would be strung up by his feet, and then sawed vertically in half, of course while still alive.

For certain crimes, the laws specified exactly what was to be done to the victim, down to the details to be performed on specific body parts.One such example of this follows, "Ye do respectively go to the place from whence ye came; from thence to be drawn upon a sledge to the place of execution, to be there hanged up by the neck, to be cut down while ye are yet alive, to have your hearts and bowels taken out before your faces, and your members cut off and burnt.Your heads severed from your bodies and your bodies disposed into quarters, your heads and bodies respectively disposed of

according to the king's will and pleasure; and the lord have mercy on your souls." (Johnson 14)Needless to say executions of today are a little less violent than in the past.

Executions progressed throughout history with methods only limited to the imagination of menBeheadings by Guillotine, Hangings on the Gallows, Firing Squads, Electric Chairs, Gas Chambers, and our most modern form of Capital Punishment, the lethal injection.We could devote an entire book on the history of executions, (which Robert Johnson has done in his book, Death Work) but, we must move on.

The United States is a fairly young country compared to many established in the world today and our legal system although young is used a basis for other legal system adaptations throughout the world.Having broke away from England and basing much of our law on the English system, it is not surprising that we brought over Capital Punishment and have had it within our legal system ever since (minus a short reprieve from 167 to 177).

The first recorded execution within the United States was in 16 in the colony of Virginia, with Daniel Frank being put to death for theft.His method of execution was not stated.Although it is a known fact that the death penalty has been part of American history since before our independence, statistics were not collected until 10 on a regular basis.From 10 until 167 (the year a moratorium was placed on executions) 85 people were executed under civil jurisdiction within the U.S.Three out of every five executions that took place during that period occurred within the Southern states.Georgia had the highest total with 66 executions, followed closely by New York with

, Texas with 7, California with , and North Carolina with 6.Out of those 85 executions 4 were for murder, 455 were for rape, and 70 were for other offenses.The United States Civilian legal system was not alone in laying out justice in the form of the death penalty.During the same period, the U.S. Army executed 160 people.106 were for murder (1 of which also involved rape), 5 for rape, and one for desertion.

At the same time, across the Atlantic, Europe was taking the stance of abolishing the death penalty as cruel and unjust.In 165, England abolished the death penalty under the 165 Murder Act.Other countries across Europe were following suit if they had not already done so.The pressure from the European countries on the United States to abolish the death penalty continues to this day.Amnesty International is the largest advocate for a worldwide abolition of the death penalty and has garnered much support.Amnesty International is backed by the United Nations who has become a staunch ally to their cause.As time progresses and more and more countries abolish the death penalty, many foreigners, especially Europeans view the United States as hypocrites.The U.S. has always declared itself as a strong supporter of human rights yet most European nations view capital punishment as a violation of human rights. One such group, Death Penalty Focus, go so far as to blatantly declare the United States as "keeping company with notorious human rights abusing countries such as Iraq, Iran, and China as major advocates and users of capital punishment."

Within the United States, public support for the death penalty remains fairly high in regard to cases involving atrocious acts of murder, yet support drops off rapidly when the offender is a minor or mentally retarded.Also, when Americans are presented with alternatives to the death penalty, a greater majority prefers life without parole to those who still favor the death penalty.Hart Research performed an interesting poll in 15;polling police chiefs across the United States and asking them to list the most effective methods for deterring violent crime.Many answers were given in various ratios, from reducing drug abuse to better gun control but only 1% of those polled listed the death penalty as a major deterrent of violent crime.

Legal challenges to the death penalty culminated in the Supreme Court Decision Furman vs. Georgia, 408 U.S. 15 which ruled the death penalty statutes unconstitutional because under these statutes the death penalty was being applied in an "arbitrary, capricious and discriminatory manner" contrary to the eighth amendment and the due process guarantees of the Fourteenth amendment.Two of the justices (Justices Brennan and Marshall) presiding at the time declared capital punishment to be unconstitutional in all instances.

The decision of Furman vs. Georgia created waves across the entire country.More than 600 death row inmates who had been sentenced to death between 167 and 17 had their death sentences lifted as a result of the decision.States quickly moved to revise legislation tailored to satisfy the Supreme Court's objections to "arbitrary imposition" of death sentences.

In 176 three cases were brought before the Supreme Court regarding the same matter.The three cases were Gregg v. Georgia, 48 U.S. 15 (176), Jurek v. Texas, 48 U.S. 6 (176) and Proffitt v. Florida, 48 U.S. 4 (176). All three of these cases dealt with guided discretion and afforded sentencing courts the discretion to impose death sentences for specified crimes and provided for two-stage (bifurcated) trials.These "bifurcated" trials involved, in the first stage, the determination of the defendants guilt or innocence and, in the second, determination of the sentence after "consideration of aggravating and mitigating circumstances."In Georgia and Texas the final sentencing decision rested with the jury and in Florida with the judge.

Also in 176 two cases came forward to the Supreme Court, which dealt with laws providing for mandatory death penalty for specific crimes, and allowing no judicial or jury discretion beyond the determination of guilt.The Supreme Court declared that the mandatory death penalty was unconstitutional in Woodson v. North Carolina, 48 U.S. 80 (176), and Roberts vs. Louisiana, 48 U.S 5 (176).These rulings led directly to the invalidation of mandatory death penalty statutes in 1 states, and resulted in the modification of the sentences of hundreds of offenders from the death penalty to life sentences.

Under the new death penalty laws the first execution since 167 took place on January 17, 177.Convicted murderer Gary Gilmore was executed by firing squad in Utah.Although for the first several years following the new death penalty laws,

executions stayed low, they began to climb once again in 184 with 1 people executed and continued to rise rapidly with 74 executions in 17.

The death penalty was effectively restricted to murder when the Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional for rape in the 177 decision of Coker v. Georgia, 4 U.S 584 (177) because applying the death penalty in rape cases was disproportionate to the crime.This resulted in twenty inmates across the country being removed from death rows.Although the courts have accepted that this decision prohibits the imposition of the death penalty for all crimes not resulting indeath, several states have left untouched the capital felony statutes which provide it for such offences as kidnapping and rape of a child.

As of 18, 8 states and the federal government have capital punishment laws.The twelve states who do not have death penalty laws areAlaska, Hawaii, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.The District of Columbia also does not have a capital punishment law.

The push to abolish capital punishment is growing while executions still continue.Some of the statistics on Capital punishment for the year 00 are as follows.(Taken from The U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics)In 000 85 persons in fourteen states were executed40 in Texas, 11 in Oklahoma, 8 in Virginia, 6 in Florida, 5 in Missouri, 4 in Alabama,in Arizona,in Arkansas, and one each in Delaware, Louisiana, North and South Carolina, Tennessee, and California.Of those executed 4

were white, 5 were black, and 1 was American Indian.8 were men and two were women.At the end of 000, 7 states and the Federal prison System held 5 prisoners under sentence of death.All had committed murder.Of the 5 prisoners, nearly / had prior felony convictions and roughly 1/1 had a prior homicide conviction.

With this many inmates on death row the question continues to arise, "How can we insure that all the individuals we sentence to death row are 100% guilty?" Can we justify a system that executes for heinous and depraved acts of murder if we acknowledge there will be mistakes?Is the death of 100 depraved murderers worth the life of one innocent citizen wrongly convicted?

The Death Penalty Information Center in Washington D.C. stated in 17 that of the 6000 death sentences imposed between 17 and 17, 400 have been innocent.Of those 400,were wrongly executed.These are the injustices that many are claiming must cause the United States to abolish the death penalty.Furthermore, some studies question whether the death penalty actually deters crime.The Thorsten Sellin studies in 16, 167, and 180 conclude that the death penalty was not a deterrent.Others argue that the staggering cost of death penalty cases could better be diverted to the victim's families or for various prison counseling programs.A 1 California study revealed that the average death penalty case cost at least 1.5 million dollars.

In conclusion, the arguments for and against capital punishment are limitless and answers may not come in our lifetimes, but one thing is certain; violent and heinous crimes have occurred throughout history and will continue to do so.Until we discover a

way to eradicate these violent crimes, there will be a need for a stern and final method of justice.The law works to the best of its ability to insure that the guilty are proven guilty beyond doubt.This paper is not designed to influence ones decisions regarding the death penalty.It is designed to educate people on capital punishment and how it works.

The future may decide that the death penalty is a violation of human rights and cause capital punishment to be abolished.In order for that to happen, there must be a unanimous decision that an alternate means of justice is in place to punish those who seek to break the law by brutally taking the life of a fellow citizen.What that alternative will be, only time will tell.

Acker, James R., et al.America's Experiment with Capital Punishment.Durham , North CarolinaCarolina Academic Press, 18.

Davis, Michael.Justice in the Shadow of Death.Lanham, MarylandRowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 16.

Death Penalty Focus."Death Penalty Proven Ineffective on Many Levels", http//www.deathpenalty.org/facts/other/ineffective.shtml

Death Penalty Information Center."Public Opinion about the Death Penalty", http//www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/po.html

Hood, Roger.The Death Penalty.New YorkOxford University Press, 18.

Johnson, Robert, Death Work.Belmont, CaliforniaWadsworth Publishing Company, 18.

Keedle, Jane "Death of Innocents"Fairfield Co. Weekly, http//www.fairfieldweekly.com/articles/innocents.html, November 18.

Nathanson, Stephen.An Eye for an Eye.Lanham, MarylandRowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 001.

Nelson, Lane, et al.Death Watch, a Death Penalty Anthology.Upper Saddle River, New JerseyPrentice-Hall, Inc., 001.

Pohier, Jacques.The Death Penalty and Torture.New York, NYThe Seabury Press, 17.

U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics."Capital Punishment Statistics", http//www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cp.htm

Please note that this sample paper on Captial Punishment is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Captial Punishment, we are here to assist you.Your cheap research paperson Captial Punishment will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Protecting Children on the WWW

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Parents Protecting Children on the World Wide Web

Abstract

This essay provides an overview of how to protect children against accessing inappropriate material on the Internet. In doing so, it addresses a number of issues.

Cheap College Papers on Protecting Children on the WWW

Firstly, it examines the benefits of 'surfing' the World Wide Web. These benefits include accessing a wide range of materials, educational games, e-mail applications, discussion rooms and news breaking broadcasts.

Secondly, there are significant risks associated with surfing the net. Risks such as explicit images, confidentiality issues, misleading information and potentially dangerous activities may be detrimental to children's emotional being.

Thirdly, suggestions for comprehensive parental guidance such as setting basic rules, enhancing interest levels and educating oneself have been outlined in order to prevent accessing inappropriate material.

Fourthly, it is suggested that the use of software filtering applications in the market place may help censor unsuitable content.

Finally, current legislation will be briefly examined. This legislation includes the Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act, Privacy Statements and the Federal Trade Commission Act.

In conclusion, this document will act as a guide for parents to help protect children from the increasingly controversial side of the web by providing an environment that encourages greater self-development, learning and personal enjoyment.

Introduction

The Internet is a large computer network linking millions of smaller networks around the world.

When the Internet was first established, it was to be used exclusively by the American government and select institutes of higher learning. It was never envisaged that it would enter the public domain. Rapid growth and lack of a central controlling body meant that adequate disciplines were never established to control the flow and legitimacy of material submitted.This meant minimal censorship and no legal responsibility.Rapid development in the content available on the Net and the high level of community take-up has caused concern on the part of users, regulators and other interested parties. Previous intellectual capital benefits provided by the Internet have now manifested themselves in sometimes immoral views.This has lead to a push for tighter controls in the form of enforceable rules and regulations.

Although Governments have enacted protection and censorship legislation and Internet site administrators seek to minimise graphically offensive materials, censorship on the web is still not fully comprehensive.Due to economies of scale, regulated censorship will not succeed in protecting our children.In this light it is of the upmost importance that society plays a far more active role in the on-line education of minors.Society may never be able to provide a completely risk free Internet environment however their attempts to regulate censorship via currently available avenues will only assist in protecting our children in the long run.

Parents may not be aware of current Internet trends or of the aforementioned government legislation, however they will become acutely aware of websites that their children are affected by.Parental guidance and Internet education should now comprise a core curriculum in modern society to ensure that further steps are taken to protect children and limit their exposure to inappropriate subject matter.

Recent technological developments and changes to outdated legislation have gone part of the way in assisting with censorship on the Internet. Further development in these areas in conjunction with greater adult and child education about Internet capabilities will surely serve as the most efficient and productive form of censorship available.

Body

Millions of people are currently logging onto the Internet.

Traditional online services have been orientated towards an adult audience. This however is changing. An increasing number of schools are providing students with access and directed use of the Internet because it is beneficial in a number of ways.In addition to this children are increasingly using the Internet at home for educational research and recreational use.

Benefits of using the Internet include enhancing learning by accessing educational and cultural resources, researching and evaluating information, providing access to community and school websites/notice boards, engaging in a variety of learning strategies, communicating via e-mail and chat rooms and processing information to help develop lifelong learning skills.

Essentially, the Internet provides the opportunity for children to access invaluable information. However, it is a world wide medium shared by people of different ages and cultural backgrounds. Therefore, it should be noted that not all Internet sites are not appropriate for all audiences, particularly children.

The Internet, is not governed by any entity. This means that published material is not monitored or scrutinised for its appropriateness. There are no guarantees that material is from a credible source. Therefore there exists a need for parents to be aware of associated risks.

What risks should parents be made aware of?

There are various websites containing explicit images and/or text and inaccurate, misleading, or untrue information. Children are then negatively influenced by this misinformation.A example of this may be a child searching for the American WhiteHouse and actually accessing a pornographic site of the same name by virute of an incorrect root domain name.

Due to the fact that there are many different cultural values, some sites may seem to promote hatred, bigotry, violence and drugs. Sites reflecting these values, may inturn bias the view of its readers, especially children are they are easily influenced.i.e. www.fbi.gov/mostwant/topten/fugitives/laden.htm

Insufficient censorship of material on the Internet has lead to excessive violence and sexual discrimination in games and marketing.In addition to this Children may be exposed to inappropriate material that portrays and promotes acceptance of stereotypes, violent behaviours or dangerous and illegal activities.

The following are excerpts from the transcript of the most recent videotape of Osama bin Laden. As in previous statements, Bin Laden is shown making repeated references to an American crusade against Islam.He claims the brand of terrorism carried out by operatives of his Al Qaeda network against America is a good accepted terrorism with the goal of ending U.S. support for Israel, who is killing our children. The pan-Arabic satellite channel Al-Jazeera broadcast the video on December 6, 001

Our terrorism is a good accepted terrorism because its against America, its for the purpose of defeating oppression so America would stop supporting Israel, who is killing our children.

It became very clear that the West in general and America, head of the infidels in particular, bear hate and grudge agains Islam and Muslims that cannot be described. (http//www.adl.org/terrorism_america/bin_1.asp)

The Internet provides the tools to communicate with others anywhere around the world through e-mail, chat, instant messaging, or other means. For the most part, this is an opportunity to share ideas and meet people in ways that would previously be impossible. The Internet's 'user friendly' method of communication may enable children to be in contact with persons whom parents would not normally approve of. This poses the problem of attempting to restrict childrens associations to exclude those people of questionable nature.

Children's ignorance of potentially illegal actions or dire financial ramifications of their Internet surfing, may place them at risk of being exploited. For example, they may provide their parents credit card number to an unauthorised vendor. This may place their family in a position of jeapordy, where they are legally and/or financially responsible.

How do you protect a child on the Internet?

Parents should develop some simple rules and regulations that work for their family. Adhering to rules will reduce the chance of children being victimised.

Following are suggested rules for children using the Internet

Always ask parents' permission before using your full name, address, telephone number, or school name anywhere on the Internet.

Always tell parents or other trustworthy adults if you see something online that is scary or that you don't understand.

Don't respond to messages that make you feel uncomfortable or uneasy.

Never give out a credit card number or password online.

Never arrange to meet someone you have met online unless you discuss it with your parents and an adult goes with you.

It may be appropriate to take the rules for children a step further and consider some unwritten rules for parents. For example

Keep interested and involved in the child's web surfing. Spend time online and learn about their interests.

Place the computer in a family area.A readily available adult can then help with any questions or problems the child may experience.Establish a trusting relationship, discuss sites and sources of information that are credible and those that are not.

Educate children about netiquette. Netiquette means behaving courteously, considerately and politely in the virtual world.(http//www.childrenspartnership.org/pub/pbpg8/partII8.html#safe)

Make use of available censorship options or install appropriate filtering software to limit access and hence protect your children when using the Internet.

The following types of censorship are available to parents.

Naturally, the most effective way to keep children away from these sites is supervision. Unfortunately, no one can watch everything a child does online all the time. A useful tool in those circumstances is filtering software. Filtering software searches a site for a certain type of content. If found, it restricts the computer from accessing it. A number of companies offer filtering software, including Netnanny, Surfwatch and Cyberpatrol.Freeware can be downloaded from www.tucows.com

In short, there are three main types of filtering. The first method involves using the 'filtering features' that are built into your Internet browser. This restricts access to sites that have been rated appropriate for children.

Another method comprises purchasing or downloading applications that enable you to configure filtering. It is possible to block sites that contain nudity, sexual content, hatred, violence, or material that advocates the use of drugs, tobacco, or alcohol. Chat rooms, newsgroups, noticeboards and even set permissions can also be blocked so that children's personal information cannot be revealed.

A third method of filtering can be provided by Internet Service Providers. Providers can take away the hassles of configuring software and handle all set-up requirements and updates. Consequently, also taking away all your control. The advantage of having your own filtering software is that you can pick what you do and don't want filtered. You have the ability to control disabling of filtering when you or another adult wants to access the Net.

It should be noted that software filters are not infallible. They cannot restrict access to all offensive or inappropriate sites and may indirectly block access to useful and acceptable sites.

Who is responsible for censorship?

Parents have the main responsibility of looking after their child's best interests. However, there are laws and regulations in place to protect Internet users.

Legislation that seeks to provide censorship and protect surfers is the Privacy Statement and the FTC.

Privacy statements are the most important tools you can use to protect your privacy online. In a privacy statement, Web site owners tell you exactly what they will do with the personal information you give them. The privacy statement is a legally binding document.(Trust.e site privacy statement 001)

The Federal Trade Commission Act (U.S.A.) is a law that gives the FTC the power to prohibit unfair and deceptive business practices. This means that as soon as a Web site posts a privacy statement, it is required by law to adhere to it.Should the web site breaks its posted policy the FTC can take legal action against the site owners. In Australia, the Trade Practices Act seeks to protect the rights of businesses and consumers in a similalr manner.

On April 1, 000 The Federal Trade Commission implemented a new act; the Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act of 18 (COPPA). COPPA was introduced to protect the privacy of children using the Internet. This new regulation directed that Web sites must obtain parental consent before collecting, using, or disclosing personal information from children under 1.The act requires all published websites to post privacy statements, and enforces rules that help the parents or guardians protect their children by grantingparents access to all material collected and the right to request the removal of any unwanted details.For full text copies of the rule visit http//www.ftc.gov/os/1/10/index.htm

This final step achieves one of the Commissions top goals - protecting childrens privacy online, said FTC Chairman Robert Pitofsky. The rule meets the mandates of the statute. It puts parents in control over the information collected from their children online, and is flexible enough to accommodate the many business practices and technological changes occurring on the Internet. (http//www.ftc.gov/opa/1/10/childfinal.htm).

Even with the assistance of government mandated legislation, social obligations exist for web masters to post acceptable subject matter, collect and store presonal information in a responsible manner, and parents to accept responsibility to ensure that children are appropriately protected in the home.

Conclusion

The Internet is a marvellous place for all people to visit. Valuable information can be obtained from domains throughout the world. Most sites are perfectly safe, however some are not so desirable. Consequently parents must take precautions to keep their children protected from unwanted material. Responsibility cannot be avoided when it comes to the Internet and family if the child is to be protected. Simple tasks, like placing the computer in a family area can help parents monitor the child's activities, and help with questions or problems the child may have.

Parental guidance is the most important method of controlling unwanted access to the Internet. Supervision and setting basic rules will help prevent your child being in an unintended area of risk.

Software companies offer filtering devices allowing configuration to prohibit access to unwanted material. Internet Service providers and Web Browsers also offer filtering techniques. World Governments have laws in place to protect web surfers, including The Federal Trade Commission Act, Privacy Statements and Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act.

Educating parents and children about the dangers of using the Internet will help avoid problems accessing inappropriate information and also help to increase virtual netiquette.

Reference section

The Childrens Partnership,Getting Started Step by Step http//www.childrenspartnership.org/pub/pbpg8/partII8.html#safe [Access throughout May]

Internet Education Foundation, GetNetWise http//www.getnetwise.org/safetyguide/danger/[Access throughout May]

Australian Library Association, The Librarians Guide to Cyberspace for Parents and Kids http//www.ala.org/parentspage/greatsites/safety.html[Access throughout May]

Federal Trade Commission, How to Comply with The Childrens Online Privacy Protection Rule http//www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/pubs/buspubs/coppa.htm[Access throughout May]

Federal Trade Commission, New Rule will Protect Privacy of Children Online http//www.ftc.gov/opa/1/10/childfinal.htm[Access throughout May]

Online Course The Information SuperHighway ITC15 Module 1 http//life.csu.edu.au/itc15/ [Accessed throughout May]

Mitra, Jane Children and Censorshiphttp//www.partnerships.org.uk/articles/child.html [Accessed throughout May]

Eugene School District, Child Safety on the Information Highway http//www.4j.lane.edu/safety/childtoc.html [Access throughout May]

Federal Trade Commission, Commission Actions http//www.ftc.gov/os/1/10/index.htm [Access throughout May]

Please note that this sample paper on Protecting Children on the WWW is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Protecting Children on the WWW, we are here to assist you.Your cheap research paperson Protecting Children on the WWW will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Philosophy of Religion, Problem of Evil

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A.The problem of Evil

The problem of evil is around us each day and everywhere we go. This is a fact we all have to agree upon. The only question in this matter is how we define evil. Some say evil are the people who do evil actions such as murder and other crimes. Others say that evil Is not only people but also the devil who sends his evil to this world to punish us. There are also people who say that evil can be connected to anything which is bad for the human race such as natural disasters and other disasters we have no control over. The problem with all these three is that they do not explain where this evil comes from. Whether they are right or not is besides the point, as that will be found out if the source of evil is discovered. The second view of evil, the devil, is the one closest to discovering the source. The people who believe in this are saying that the devil makes evil things happen merely either for his amusement or simply because that is what he does, in other words, there is no reason. There is some information in the bible about the devil which could aid this theory. It says that the devil was an angel but was told to leave heven and became the devil after some time, a fallen angel.

Yet this does not explain why the evil exists on earth. This is the problem, if this question is solved, we can begin to understand where the evil comes from and therefore eradicate it from there. Knowledge is always essential for solving problems, which is why it is important to understand.

The third aspect is saying that natural disasters are evil as they harm humans. This can again be connected to Christianity as God punished the people with the flood which created the story of Noah's ark. To be able to answer the problem of natural disasters a Christian should not deny God, but merely understand that a natural disasters is God's punishment to us. It is telling us that we are doing something wrong and we have to solve it. It is a form of punishment, which is not to say that God has hate inside of Him. God is love and this is why we are here. He created us because of His love and His love for us. This means that natural disasters are His way of punishing us. A parent punishes his/her children if they did something wrong so that they understand they should not do the same mistake again, which is exactly what God is doing. The best thing we can do after a natural disaster is to think of reasons why we are being punished, what we could have done to diserve to be punished. If we learn this, we can benefit from the disaster and ensure it will not happen again. Therefore, Christians should not be satisfied by thinking that God has nothing to do with a natural disaster as He is the One who cause them. This is important to remember otherwise one might be confused and perceive otherwise.

Cheap custom writing service can write essays on Philosophy of Religion, Problem of Evil

Someone who does not believe in a supernatural being could possible believe that we are helpless against a natural disaster, and I believe such a person has the right to think so as he/she does not understand why they happen or what we could possibly do to avoid it happening again. Some people claim that "the universe is brute fact". If this is the case, then it is bizarre how little we know of this facts. The universe is something we are merely scraping on the surface as far as our knowledge is concerned. People claim that is it can all be explained by physics while others say it is unexplainable for the moment. It will remain something we do not have any knowledge about until we are enouigh technologically advanced to travel in space for a longer period of time.

Christians belive that God gave animals verious advantages such as sharp teeth and claws, while humans were awarded with the more advanced brain which enables us to invent machines such as space travelling ships to explore space. There isalso a downside to the brain. Its possibilities can be used for evil purposes, such as creating an Arial race and in the process murdering millions of people. As long as the will of the mind is good, the actions will consequently be good or at least performed with agood purpose.

B. The Psychological approach to Philosophy of Religion

Jungs main idea is that it is impossible for a human to conceive any of the four highest achievements which are faith, hope, love and insight, nor can a human conceive truth that will give the person these four achievements. He continues to say that the achievements are not to be learned and therefore it is not possible to teach them. He also mentions that there is no way to simply give or take them as they are gifts of grace and therefore achieved through experience, which makes them outside of the human reach. This is beacause Jung continues to say that experiences cannot be made but they simply happens in a persons life. We can use discuss these experiences that happened, and in that way become closer to that experience and in a way enable us to reach and understand the experience. These, according to Jung, are the things that brings humans closer to the living experience, but they should not be named methods as they work differently for each individual.Jung mentions his own personal experiences with his patients, specifically on their problems of religion. He says that they lost their religious outlook on life and therefore they will not find peace if they do not regain this. This then means, in my personal point of view, that Jung is saying that if a man loses, or decides that religion is not for him, there is no way that man can find peace again in his life. I do not agree with this, as there are substitutions for religion. In my own personal experience, religion is more effective to find peace than substitutions such as convincing one self that one does not need religion and therby denying ones ultimate inner self. This is beacause if religion is important in ones life, there is no possible way to deny this and if one does, one is deliberately denying the body its, sometimes, most important source of inner peace. There are always the non-believers, the ateists, who claim that they live "normal" lives, however one defines normal. I cannot see this as being true as religion plays a big role in my life, and therefore I could not see myself living the way l do today without it.

Freud is mentioning other points about the importance of religion in ones life which in certain ways differ from those set forward by Jung. Freud claims that the basic problem for humans is that of repressed sexuality, and also how humans mask their true problems with religious doubts. Freud is only interessted in the casual meanings of the sexual symptoms. One aspect which, according to the text, Freud completely overlooks is that of the possibility of the exisitance of the neurosis without any pathological effect until a disturbance occurs. These kind of disturbances are not priamry but merely secondary phenomena. A second thing Freud has overlooked is that of the human difficulty of fighting the unconscious without help. This help is needed, and many people find this help from religion. Freud says that since the beginning of man, we have always looked for some sort of spiritual help. This is because we cannot always understand the un understandable, such as magic and unknown forces. I todays technological world, many of these magical appearances and unknown forces have been explained and understood. Also, it is important to understand and respect other peoples cultures and traditions, and included in this is the religious traditions. This is important, together with the historical aspect of religious activity, as we need to understand the people has always seeked different religions which apply best to each indivisual and his or her believes. Again, this is also important as we need to be able to respect each other if we are to live together in this world. This is my views on different cultures and the way it leads to the understanding and respect of individuation.

C. The Ethical approach to Philosophy of Religion

The message of Christianity is to be good to other people, more specifically, love your neighbour as you love yourself. This means that people should treat each other the way they would want to be treated by others. If one follows this way of thinking, only good actions and good will can come out of this behavious. But there is still the problem of how this is to be done. Some claim that only good actions are deserved to be called good, and therefore only good outcomes deserves the same award. This is argued to be faulty by Immanuel Kant. He claimed that nothing can be called good without proper qualifications, which means that one cannot say that an action is good without proper qualification, except for good will. Intelligence and judgement is not good in it self as the two human aspects can be used in a bad way if the person does not have good will. If a person does not mean well in what he or she does, any quality which was considered good could turn evil and bad. If a person follows Christianity, there is no possible way that person cannot have good will as he/she would want to be treated in the same way he/she treats others, therefore that person would have act on good will.

Religion also fucntions in the way that is promotes peace, once again focusing on Christianity. The word peace can be interpreted in various ways, such as peace of mind for each individual, peace in between people and peace inbetween countries. Christianity fucntions for each of these three aspects. It fucntions for each individuals search for peace of mind, as it allows each person to go to a public building for free and reflect and talk to priests. This tends to promote a calm inner feeling and therfore functions to promote peace of mind.

Christianity, as mentioned earlier, teaches its followers to treat each other in similar ways one wants to be treated by others. This cannot promote anything else than peace as it is very unlikely a man or waman would want to be treated unfairily and therfore would not treat others in such a manner. Therefore it promotes peace between people.

The third aspect, peace inbetween countries, is a bit more complicated, but yet Christianity can be applied to this sort of peace. It involvs more complications as other couintries does not necessarily follow Christianity and therefore could have different viewpoints on peace. It is also a bit more complicated as it is difficult to find direct parts of the Bible applicable to war between countries, even though there are some quanitations.

Law makes are people, according to Kant, people who create laws because they have a will. Since will is nothing more than reason, it is not necessarily a good will. As a reason is very personal, the lawmakers are not acting on the need of society, but merely on their personal needs. If these people are Chrisitans or follow another religion, they would not make laws that people would not benefit from as they would be then treated unfairly and this is exactly what Christianity says people ar enot supposed to do. Religion has a great importance to a religious person, no matter whether the person is an intellectual or a priest. If religion means something important to a person, he/she will carry it with him or herself where ever the person goes and does.

A sexual ethic is something which would depend greatly from person to person as each person has been brought up in different families and have different backgrounds. Depending on the history of a person, that person will have different perceptions about certain issues, such as sexual ethics. Even though this generally applies to most people, there are exceptions. Some people might have been brought up in a strict family with a certain view on life and what is right or wrong, but might still grow up with different views than the family. This is the result of society and the group of people one spends time with. So a sexual ethic is not dependant on the background of people even though it plays a large part. A sexual ethic could be confined to religion. Christianity frowns upon being sexually active before marriage and therefore having children outside marriage. Some argue that this idea has originated from a simple population control instead of a serious sexual ethic. It is more likely that it is a sexual ethic, as it is trying to teach peple how to live their lives.

A.The problem of Evil

The problem of evil is around us each day and everywhere we go. This is a fact we all have to agree upon. The only question in this matter is how we define evil. Some say evil are the people who do evil actions such as murder and other crimes. Others say that evil Is not only people but also the devil who sends his evil to this world to punish us. There are also people who say that evil can be connected to anything which is bad for the human race such as natural disasters and other disasters we have no control over. The problem with all these three is that they do not explain where this evil comes from. Whether they are right or not is besides the point, as that will be found out if the source of evil is discovered. The second view of evil, the devil, is the one closest to discovering the source. The people who believe in this are saying that the devil makes evil things happen merely either for his amusement or simply because that is what he does, in other words, there is no reason. There is some information in the bible about the devil which could aid this theory. It says that the devil was an angel but was told to leave heven and became the devil after some time, a fallen angel.

Yet this does not explain why the evil exists on earth. This is the problem, if this question is solved, we can begin to understand where the evil comes from and therefore eradicate it from there. Knowledge is always essential for solving problems, which is why it is important to understand.

The third aspect is saying that natural disasters are evil as they harm humans. This can again be connected to Christianity as God punished the people with the flood which created the story of Noah's ark. To be able to answer the problem of natural disasters a Christian should not deny God, but merely understand that a natural disasters is God's punishment to us. It is telling us that we are doing something wrong and we have to solve it. It is a form of punishment, which is not to say that God has hate inside of Him. God is love and this is why we are here. He created us because of His love and His love for us. This means that natural disasters are His way of punishing us. A parent punishes his/her children if they did something wrong so that they understand they should not do the same mistake again, which is exactly what God is doing. The best thing we can do after a natural disaster is to think of reasons why we are being punished, what we could have done to diserve to be punished. If we learn this, we can benefit from the disaster and ensure it will not happen again. Therefore, Christians should not be satisfied by thinking that God has nothing to do with a natural disaster as He is the One who cause them. This is important to remember otherwise one might be confused and perceive otherwise.

Someone who does not believe in a supernatural being could possible believe that we are helpless against a natural disaster, and I believe such a person has the right to think so as he/she does not understand why they happen or what we could possibly do to avoid it happening again. Some people claim that "the universe is brute fact". If this is the case, then it is bizarre how little we know of this facts. The universe is something we are merely scraping on the surface as far as our knowledge is concerned. People claim that is it can all be explained by physics while others say it is unexplainable for the moment. It will remain something we do not have any knowledge about until we are enouigh technologically advanced to travel in space for a longer period of time.

Christians belive that God gave animals verious advantages such as sharp teeth and claws, while humans were awarded with the more advanced brain which enables us to invent machines such as space travelling ships to explore space. There isalso a downside to the brain. Its possibilities can be used for evil purposes, such as creating an Arial race and in the process murdering millions of people. As long as the will of the mind is good, the actions will consequently be good or at least performed with agood purpose.

Please note that this sample paper on Philosophy of Religion, Problem of Evil is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Philosophy of Religion, Problem of Evil, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Philosophy of Religion, Problem of Evil will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!