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Geology Test Two Review
Sediment- unconsolidated material that forms the earth surface generated by weathering and erosion consist of rock fragments, precipitated materials, and organic materials.
Transported by- a)gravity b) wind c)ice d) water
Sedimentary rocks
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75% all exposed rocks
-host, oil, gas, mineral, groundwater reveals earth's history
Detrital sediment- solid preexisting rock fragments accumulation ex) sand, rock, feldspar
Chemical sediment- inorganic limestone forms from a lot of calcite
a) precipitated from solution
b) organic materials (shell etc) from the oceans swamp previously dissolved minerals either precipitate from solution or extracted from water by living organisms and converted to shells, skeletons, or other organic substances. Ex) White Cliffs of Dover (chalk) accumulation of small marine organism- marine environments
Sediment transport- carried from high to low elevations (gravity) moved until medium (water, wind, ice) can no longer carry them along ex) rivers dump sediment into the ocean wind is a factor to ex) Mississippi delta.
Texture- size, shape, packing of particles coarse, beach sands fine ocean mud.
1 gravelsandsilt 4 clay (mudstone or shale)
smaller rock fragments when deposited as a sediment
-texture depends on the transport medium's ability to weather, but also to carry them ex) River flood moves more big grains, compared to the wind
Grain size- reduced during transport pulverized (glacier), worn down (stream), unchanged (oozing mud)
Ex) mudglow does not change the grain size much because of the environment
Sorting
Reveals nature of transport the medium, well sorted (wind blow silt) rounded
Poor sorted (glacial deposits) angular heavier particles deposit first, fine particles settle last.
Wind is very selective about the particles sizes so most selective transportation
-Alluvial fan- coarsest grains closer, smaller farther wedge shaped bdoy
- The more vigorous collision = more rounded, and farther from the parent rock
-gypsum, calcite, more rounded
pg. 177Grain shape- softer minerals (gypsum, calcite) rounder after 10 km transport
-harder minerals quartz, feldspar rounded after 00 km of transport
fast streams- rounded grains
glaciers- angular grains
Sedimentary structures
-geological formations built up by the sediment deposition.
-pressure information about climate change, history of life
-tells us how the sediments were deposited and what the environment was like
Smooth- probably wind, rough edge- probably glacier or water, desert- smooth environment
Bedding- arrangement into distinct layers strata marked by bedding planes.
Graded bed- sediment load dumped into still water heavy coarse particles settle to bottom light fine particles land on top
Crossed beds- formation angle to underlying beds, sand dunes, stream deposits, slope, down current, ripple marks mud cracks
Coarse particles to bottom, finest to the top
Lithficication- conversion of sediments into sedimentary rocks
1 compaction pressure reduces the volume of sediment
cementation water circulates through a sediment deposit
recrystallization
clastic rocks- particles are cemented compacted
clay silt .06 fine grained
sand .06-.0 medium
gravel .00 coarse
shale breccias conglomerate, sandstone
mudstone
consist of mica and clay minerals fine particles settle in still water lake logons, swamp ocean basins floor plans
Shale
Silt clay particles flattened by compaction bricks cement title
Sandstone- quartz feldspar particles cemented together aquifers oil reservoirs pg 00
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