Case Analysis - Kuzmica v. Ivy Hill Park Apartments

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Case Brief Analysis

Kuzmicz v. Ivy Hill Park Apartments, Inc.

Richard R. Hall

Legal Environment of Business Law 5

Cheap Custom Essays on Case Analysis - Kuzmica v. Ivy Hill Park Apartments

P. Croushore, JD, LLM

March , 00

Case Brief

Kuzmicz v. Ivy Hill Park Apartments, Inc., 147 N.J. 510 (N.J. Sup.Ct. 17)

Plaintiff and Defendant

The plaintiff is Ireneusz Kuzmicz.The defendants are Ivy Hill Park Apartments, Inc., Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company, and the Newark Board of Education.

Facts

Mr. Kuzmicz was assaulted on vacant land owned by Newark Board of Education (Board).The lot is located between Ivy Hill Park Apartments and a grocery store owned by Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company (A&P).An opening in the fence allows a person to use the Board's property as a short cut to the grocery store.The issue is do Ivy Hill Apartments and A&P owe Mr. Kuzmicz a duty to protect him from the risk of assault on the Board's property by warning him of the risk of off-premises criminal assaults or by fixing the opening in the fence.

Lower Courts

The lower court awarded Mr. Kuzmicz $175,000.The court apportioned liability as 1) Ivy Hill fifty percent; ) Board of Education thirty percent; and ) Mr. Kuzmicz twenty percent (Corley, Reed, Sheed, and Moorehead, 1, p. 08).

The Appellate Division affirmed holding that Ivy Hill Apartments had a duty of care to protect tenants from criminal activity on the Board's lot by warning them of criminalactivity or by fixing the opening in the fence (Corley et al., 1, p. 08).The Appellate Division affirmed the grant of the A&P's motion for a summary judgment, distinguishing the A&P from Ivy Hill (Kuzmicz v. Ivy Hill Park Apts., Inc., 17).The court decided as a tenant of the shopping center, A&P did not have a duty to maintain a fence and evidence is not sufficient to show that A&P knew of the criminal activity on the Board's lot (Kuzmicz v. Ivy Hill Park Apts., Inc., 17).

Issue Appealed

The trail court denied the Ivy Hill Apartments, Inc.'s request for a summary judgment motion.The issue for the New Jersey Supreme Court was whether a landlord had a duty to protect tenants by warning of the risk of criminal assault on an adjacent lot or by fixing an opening in the fence separating the apartment complex from the Board's adjacent lot (Kuzmicz v. Ivy Hill Park Apts., Inc., 17).

Who Wins

Ivy Hill Park Apartments wins the case.

Reasoning

The court could not find any precedent or statutory authority; therefore, it ruled that a landlord does not owe a duty to protect people from criminal activity on adjacent premises that the landlord does not own, control or receive a significant commercial benefit (Kuzmicz v. Ivy Hill Park Apts., Inc., 17).

Case Questions

1.Why does the trail court make the plaintiff Kuzmicz absorb 0 percent of the liability? (Hint. See numbered subsection 15 on defenses to negligence.)

According to Corley et al. (1) under the doctrine of comparative responsibility a plaintiff's contributory negligence does not bar recovery.The doctrine compares the plaintiff's fault with the defendant's and reduces the damage award proportionally (p. 11).The jury determined 0 percent of the injury was due to the plaintiff's own fault.

.If the attack on Kuzmicz had occurred on apartment property, would the apartment owner have been liable?

The New Jersey Courts have precedent specifically Braitman v. Overlook Terrace Corporation (175) and Trentacost v. Brussel (180) that landlords should be held liable for foreseeable injuries that occur on their premises.The reasoning is that landlords are in the best position to control risk of harm.In summary, the apartment owner would have been held liable.

References

Braitman v. Overlook Terrace Corporation, 68 N.J. 68 (N.J. Sup.Ct. 175).Retrieved March , 00, from Rutgers School of Law Website http//lawlibrary.rutgers.edu/decisions/supreme/

Corley, R. N., Reed, O. L., Sheed, P. J., Moorehead, J. W. (1). The legal regulatory environment of business. Boston Irwin McGraw-Hill.Retrieved February 6, 00, from University of Phoenix, Resource, Law 5Legal Environment of Business Web Site https//mycampus.phoenix.edu/secure/resource/resource.asp

Kuzmicz v. Ivy Hill Park Apts., Inc., 147 N.J. 510 (N.J. Sup.Ct. 17).Retrieved March , 00, from Rutgers School of Law Website http//lawlibrary.rutgers.edu/decisions/supreme/a-5-6.opn.html

Trentacost v. Brussel, 8 N.J. 14 (N.J. Sup.Ct.180).Retrieved March , 00, from Rutgers School of Law Website http//lawlibrary.rutgers.edu/decisions/supreme/

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Why Ranting is the Rave

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From the headlines of the San Francisco Chronicle

Sacramento -- California officials accused the Bush administration Thursday of ignoring urgent pleas months ago for emergency help to remove beetle-infested trees that experts warned could fuel a catastrophic Southern California fire.

The U.S. Senate passed controversial legislation Thursday allowing the thinning of forests across the West, and another debate erupted over whether dire warnings about a bark beetle infestation were ignored in Washington. In April, Gov. Gray Davis requested $40 million to remove unhealthy trees on 415, 000 acres of forest, but the request for emergency funds went unanswered until last week -- and then was denied.

There was a reason the governor requested the declaration, said Davis spokesman Steve Maviglio. And Im sure there are a lot of families without homes that are disappointed it wasnt approved.

Democratic Sen. Barbara Boxer, speaking in the Senate during Thursdays debate on the Healthy Forests bill, complained that President Bush had failed to act on the states request for help and that now Californians were suffering.

We named three of the four counties that are up in smoke, and we begged him to declare a disaster, we begged him, Boxer said before the bill passed 80-14. We saw this coming a mile away.

Proving that Diebold isnt the only idiot in town, we have learned that Sequoia Voting Systems WinEDS files are available to all interested parties on an FTP site. The site doesnt belong to SVS, it belongs to a local reseller, but this makes no difference.

While not as glaring a security screw up as posting all your source files, the SVS files prove that Michelle Townsend is lying through her teeth when she claims that her voting system does not run on Windows. While some parts of the software may be proprietary, the whole system runs on top of a Windows OS, meaning all of Windows security holes come into play.

The good news is that at least SVS had brains enough to use a SQL database to store votes in, instead of Access. The bad news is they are still hard coding passwords, with this one set to (wait for it)... password

These companies keep telling us they have the tightest security in place to protect their software, then they just leave it out in the open for anyone to play with.

Please, do not certify either system for the state of California. The Diebold ballot devices seem to be especially vulnerable to inaccuracies. There should be no voting without a verifiable paper trail. Anything less is an assault on a fair democracy.

Conflict of Interest

One of the first mandates in HAVA is that older, 'punch card' voting systems be replaced with computerized voting machines. These machines are manufactured by private companies, raising the potential for foul play due to special interests. It would seem appropriate for companies manufacturing voting machines to remain neutral and unbiased, but most voting machine companies are financially involved in political campaigns and many active and former politicians are employed by these companies. Here are just a handful of examples

• In 000, 5 of the 1 directors of Diebold, a leading voting machine manufacturer, made donations totaling $4,750 to predominately Republican politicians;

• Former Florida Secretary of State Sandra Mortham (R) and Former State Election Supervisor of California Lou Dedier (R) both have ties to Election Systems and Software (ES&S), one of our nation's leading voting machine manufacturers and tabulators. Sandra Mortham was a lobbyist for ES&S and the Florida Association of Counties during the same time period. The Florida Association of Counties made $00,000 in commissions from the sale of ES&S's voting machines;

• In Georgia's most recent election, William Wingate, a lobbyist for ES&S, contributed $7,000 to Gov. Roy Barnes (D), $1,000 to Lt. Gov. Mark Taylor (D), and $500 to Secretary of State Cathy Cox (D);

• Michael McCarthy is the Chairman of the McCarthy Group, of which ES&S is a subsidiary. According to Federal Elections Commission (FEC) filings, McCarthy is also the Primary Campaign Treasurer for Republican Senator Chuck Hagel, who (according to FEC filings) is also financially tied to the McCarthy Group by substantial investments (valued between one and five million dollars). According to officials at Nebraska's Election Administration, ES&S machines tallied around 85 percent of votes cast in Hagel's 16 and 00 senatorial races.

Occasionally, politicians have used their ties to voting machine companies for fraud and illegal activities

• Former Louisiana State Elections Official Jerry Fowler (D), is currently serving five years in prison for charges related to taking hundreds of thousands of dollars in kickbacks from voting machine scandals.

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Khomeini Essay

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Revolutions are not perfect, and there are always negative aspects to a revolution.They do not always create a better country, or even resolve the issues that the revolution was for.An excellent example of this would be the Iranian Revolution.Other than being one of the three major turning points in the twentieth century in the Middle East, it showed that a revolution might not evolve society in a positive way.The actions of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, which were intended to improve Iran, instead destroyed a society that was once peaceful and diplomatic.

During the period of the Shah, Iran was at its height with its alliance with the West.Both, the East and the West competed for stronger political and economic ties with Tehran, the inviting center of international trade and politics (p. 0).This shows the impact Shah Pahlavi made by trying to modernize the country.By making other nations crave Iran, it would make Iran have more power and it would show its interdependence and interaction with the outside world.To prevent progress, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi also wanted to modernize ancient Iran by breaking the hold of tradition, both social and religious.Also, he wanted to replace regional trade, agriculture and handicrafts with Iran's oil resources (p. 4).Not only did Pahlavi use politics to move forward with Iran's status, but he also used social and economic techniques.He realized other nations craved oil and he used that to replace Iran's centuries-old method.In addition, he regressed from being too religious and proceeded to the idea of westernizing the country.With many ways of setting Western lifestyles and technology with political strategy into Tehran along with the rest of Iran, the Shah created a comfortable and desirable place for Iranians and foreigners.

Every effort made by the Shah was ruined in 17 when a revolution led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini took away Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi's power and destroyed Iran's reputation."Over the next decade, a new set of images, strong and persistent, became synonymous with Iran Hostage seizures. Suicide bombings.Teenagers serving as human minesweepers on the battlefront.Women hidden behind black chadors.Mullahs toting rifles and leading mobs in chants of "Death to America" (p. 0)." All of Khomeini's promises to the people (before he became dictator) about more freedom and democracy were eliminated when he came into power.He began to base everything on religion and became a strict monarch, which put its toll on the country and its people.Moreover, Khomeini made his people believe anything he said.For example, when a few Iranians encountered American hostages at one point, one hostage described, "Most of them had probably never seen an American before.I think a lot of them were surprised to find out that we didn't have horns (p. 78)."The Iranians were so hypnotized that they didn't even think about what Khomeini lectured about, they automatically believed it like machines.They assumed that the United States was such an "evil" place that no human would ever live there; however, when they encountered Americans it was a shock to them and ironically, they became interested in learning about them.After Khomeini replaced Shah Pahlavi, Iran began to fall from the high position it had before 17.

The Imam's death in 18 did not end the Islamic Republic and his failed revolution has made such a massive impact on Iran that they can still be seen today.For example, Khomeini promised that he would create an Islamic utopia which would allow Iran to defeat outside oppressors and reunite the Islamic world. (p. 07) Instead, this unfulfilled pledge cost Iran's international acceptability in the Islamic world.He did the complete opposite of what he assured the people and isolated Iran from the rest of the world with his tactics.In addition, unemployment, inflation, shortages and prices were all several times worse when compared to the final year that the Shah ruled (p.08).Now it was even harder for the Iranians to support themselves and live a comfortable life with all these additional problems.People put their trust in this man and he severely let them down in every way.Rather than creating a successful revolution that would benefit the country and future generations as a whole, Khomeini left Iran with worse conditions than what the country had to begin with.

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Although Revolution is a justified means of changes, it may not always be a good change, which was the case with the Iranian Revolution.The people acknowledged Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini because it sounded like he was looking forward to a better future for Iran and the populace wanted to evolve as well.However, Khomeini had different ideas in mind and as he unfolded them, he lapsed Iran's progress.Khomeini's failed revolution has hurt Iran in many ways and now it is up to his successors to determine Iran's future.

Please note that this sample paper on Khomeini Essay is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Khomeini Essay, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Khomeini Essay will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Does the two-sided Kadinsky painting in Six degrees of Separation represent the play'stwo main characters ?

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There is a reason Guare includes the two-sided Kadinsky painting in this play and as the play's two main characters, Ouisa Kittredge and Paul, unfold the reason becomes very clear.The painting is unique because of the two completely different styles that are represented by each side of it.One side is geometric, ordered and structured, while the other is a vivid mesh of brightly colored brush strokes, without any apparent structure or design.The characters, Ouisa and Paul, could be represented in this same way.

Ouisa flits through a large portion of the play, unstructured, without any real depth at all.When social issues are discussed her responses are superficial and inappropriately humorous."I see all these very striking coal miners modeling the fall fashions"(11) , she babbles when they discuss Gorbachev's role inintroducing democracy to Russia.Then later to their recently mugged dinner guest, "Tell us stories of movie stars tying up their children and being cruel" (5). She seems only interested in the trivial, accumulating anecdotes for later dinner parties, shallow knowledge to impress her circle of friends."There is a boarding school in Switzerland that takes you at age eighteen months"(), she blurts as Paul and Geoffrey discuss racial issuesin South Africa andAmerica, proud of this bit of inconsequential information she can add to the conversation.

Ouisa is the random side of the Kadinsky, a mixture of colorful anecdotes and trivia, arranged in no specific order.Later, when she and Flan see friends of theirs her first words are, "Do we have a story to tell you!" (54).She has the ultimate anecdote now and cannot wait to share it.

Paul, on the other hand, is the geometric, structured side of the Kadinsky.He has, because of his need for an identity, built one for himself, one that will gain him entry to the world of"luxurious despair" (0), or what Trent called, "Hand to mouth on a higher plateau" (77). Paul has carefully drawn his character, his shape,a collage of parts from other people's lives, thoughtfully arranged.He even describes his methods as he gives them the "scoop" on Sidney Poitier."My father, being an actor, has no real identity" (0), Paul says, describing his supposed movie star father, but really describing himself.Paul is an empty shell, albeit a very clever one, and where Kadinsky has used compass and protractor, he has used people and information to create "Paul".

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There is a point though when this character, this "Paul",becomes more than a cocktail party yarn to Ouisa.Somehow, during the phone conversation near the end of the play,he breaks through the superficiality of her demeanor to expose the much deeper woman within, drawing out her compassion.He opens up, telling her, "That was the happiest night I ever had" (106) and pleading, "Will you help me?" (10).His structure is crumbling, his carefully formed identity is fading,, and he reaches out to her.Her answer to this question, this plea,is a turning point, a move on her part from selfish to unselfish.There is nothing for her to gain, no advancement up the social ladder, when she replies, "I will help you" (10).

And that is exactly what she tries to do, searching through the criminal and court systems, trying to help him, hearing again and again "We weren't family" and "We didn't know Paul's name" (116).Flan is confused by her search, asking "Why does it mean so much to you?" (116)She is changed.The vivid colors are melting, a form and a purpose is emerging in her life.Flan's lack of compassion enrages her."He did more for us in a few hours than our children ever did" (117), she points out, adding, "I will not turn him into an anecdote" (117).She goes on to voice her realization, "There is color in my life, but I'm not aware of any structure" (118), and going deeper still, "I am a collage of unaccounted-for brush strokes" (118).It all comes together then, crystallizing as she speaks, and the two sides of the painting fuse into one work of art, "She considers. She smiles. The Kadinsky begins its slow revolve" (10).

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Human Selfishness

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Human selfishness often overshadows the goal an individual is struggling to achieve in a literary Work. Sometimes the object in which the entire conflict revolves around is lost because of the harshness in which it is conducted.Conflicts such as these give the reader insight as to what is truly important because most things are not appreciated until they are lost.Raymond Carver's "Popular Mechanics", Lorraine Hansberry's "A Raisin in the Sun", and Margaret Atwood's "Bored" present conflicts to the reader in which the goal is lost only because of the selfishness of those involved and the goal is not appreciated until after the conflict is decided.

Raymond Carver begins "Popular Mechanics" by giving the short story a dark mood which is a premonition to it's ending.He does this by describing the somber scene outside of the house then stating ,"But it was getting dark on the inside too."The short story has a unemotional twist to it within the way that it refers to the relationship between the parents and their treatment of the baby. This is evident even in the title, "Popular Mechanics", which seems to relate more to a more tangible subject than emotional.The family dispute leads to a violent struggle for the baby and "In this manner, the issue was decided".The parents use the baby more as a method of hurting each other and don't allow themselves to grasp what they are doing until after the conflict is over.

The "issue" that was decided was the welfare of the baby and because of the violent struggle, it leads the reader to assume the worst for the baby.The theme of this short story focuses on the small things that are often mistreated and discarded without ever fully grasping their importance until they are gone.The baby in the short story is an example of the goal that each parent was trying to achieve but neither parent accomplished because their selfishness made them unable to see that they were harming the baby more than they were harming each other.

Another example of human selfishness overshadowing the importance of person or time period can be found in t Margaret Atwood's "Bored". Atwood recounts her childhood with her dad and only appreciates the times that she had with him only because he died and she can no longer participate in those boring, monotonous tasks.The author uses repetition in her work to convey the boring tone to the reader."Or sat in the back / of the car, or sat still in boats, / sat, sat,. ..". She successfully shares her boredom with the reader by describing the minutiae details that even bored her when she was a child."The acid crumbs of loam, the granular pink rock, it's igneous veins, .. .".At that point in her life, she "could hardly wait to get / the hell out of there to /anywhere else." but as she recounts the period of her life that she missed she realizes the happiness that she choose to ignore.Because of her selfish behavior, she never came to appreciate her father or the things that he did and can only remember the good times in her recollection of the events that occurred.

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This theme is also apparent in Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun through Walter Lee's selfishness when it comes to the money that they received. When the money was being shipped to the family, all of the members of the family were already conceiving ways in which they would use the money.All of the family regarded the money as an answer to all of their problems but in all actuality, it hindered the family more than it helped them to solve their problems.The only result of the money were continuous conflicts within the family which were not resolved until the money was lost which forced them to come together as a family.

Walter Lee's Selfish act of taking both his share and Beneatha's share of the money just to invest it in a shady business transaction shows the reader his desperation.Walter was tired of living in a cramped apartment and finally saw an end to his poverty but through his selfish acts he inadvertently makes his families' lives more difficult.It isn't until after he loses the money for the family that he understands what it truly means to be part of a family and takes responsibility.He never understands his role as a father, sister, husband, or son until after the conflict with the money is over and he is allowed to see what he is meant to do.His selfishness and greed clouded his judgment and he never appreciates the wealth that he already had until the money is lost.

Each of these three literary works, Atwood's "Bored", Carver's "Popular Mechanics", and Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun, support the theme that human selfishness overshadows the true goal of an individual.None of the characters in any of these literary works appreciate life's simple gifts until they have wasted them on their own selfish desires. Through the conflicts present in each of the works, the characters as well as the reader grasp the true meaning of family values.

Please note that this sample paper on Human Selfishness is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Human Selfishness, we are here to assist you.Your persuasive essay on Human Selfishness will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Relgion in the media

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Good morning,

Today I will be discussing how religion is promoted in the media.

I will be looking at a few examples of media presented to the Australian public, in which we often find bias, fact and opinion. The things we read and watch send messages to us and we interpret them how we choose. Religion is something we are all faced with in life and the media coverage is diverse and plentiful. I will be focusing mainly on the Christian conveyance of perspectives in the Australian media, and the way it is seen. Using different examples, which contain Christian representations, which both promote and devalue it.

The first source is from one of the religion writers for the Sydney morning herald, Chris mcgillion. An article he wrote recently discusses prayer, something a Christian practices all the time and values immeasurably. Chris, as a Christian man believes in prayer and it's power, however he takes on an unbiased role as he presents us with the facts about prayer. Man has often questioned the efficacy of prayer, yet the majority of the populations of western nations pray. The article goes on to reveal results from physical tests some doubtful members of society have conducted on prayer since 1870. The results are mixed, this amounts to the conclusion that this religion has neither been promoted nor demoted and is simply open to opinion. However, toward the end of the article, the argument is made that prayer is perhaps substantially more effective once a better understanding of it is reached. This claim is backed up by a quote from Mahatma Gandhi, who said, "Prayer is not an old women's idle amusement. Properly understood and applied it is the most potent instrument of action." Perhaps the bias that the writer of this article holds trickles through in the last part of the article, however it certainly upholds prayer and ultimately promotes Christianity and other religions that pray, such as Islam.

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Lately with the hype surrounding possible war, many institutions have taken various stances with regards to the topic. The Catholic Church has made its position known clearly against war. The religion report on radio national ran a program recently, playing a song composed by a catholic priest from Italy, followed by a brief interview with him about his protest. Here we have a figure that represents the Catholic Church, speaking out against war. This is another outlet for religious promotion, yet only to those who share the catholic view. However in society there are alwaysviews and some would strongly disagree with this view, and this conflict could lead to a negative perception of the Catholic Church and Christianity in general. It is a matter of opinion.

One publication in the Australian media is the Southern Cross newspaper. A Christian newspaper written by Christians can be forgiven for bias, as it is part of their ministry.

Last week there was an article about the active work in the church to reach ethnic communities with its ministry. This article strongly promotes Christianity as an open-minded, multicultural religion. Without this form of media these ideas might not get across to the public.

Religious references in popular television programs can be trivial and insignificant to the story in fictional shows, however when a particular religion is tied directly to an unlikable character it can downgrade the image of, and provoke a negative response to that religion. In the popular animated series, "the Simpson's" the religious link to the show is the conservative church leader, reverend love-joy. The show, being a comedy, makes the reverend a priest like figure who teaches the stereotypical sermon that works are the key to salvation and not grace. Either this reference in the show is trying to criticize the church or its creators seek to negatively portray Christianity in today's consumerist society. Similarly in the show charmed, the heroines in the story, the Hallowell sisters, positively reflect witchcraft, although the show is a fantasy, it is based on sorcery and kids today may want to explore those things as they look up to characters on the program.

In an article by Kelly burke, a non-Christian, dr. peter Jensen, the archbishop for the Sydney diocese of the Anglican church was criticized by burke for thinking he had a right to proclaim his, and other Christians' mission publicly. Every other religion in the local area had a go and Kelly gave them a stage, you get the sense that Kelly is an open-minded person, as she seemed to accept the views of all the religions, excluding Christianity, of course. This devalues the Christian religion and the media delivers it to your doorstep.

So in response to the focus question, yes the media is an important vehicle for the promotion of religion in Australia. As it confronts us daily with debate, provokes our thought, making it prominent in our culture.

Please note that this sample paper on relgion in the media is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on relgion in the media, we are here to assist you.Your cheap research paperson relgion in the media will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Why were British troops sent to Northern Ireland in 1969

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The essay is about the reasons why the government decided to send in the British troops to Northern Ireland on the 14th August 16, we look here at the origins and the history of the conflict.

The most obvious reasons we think of are that riots started to break out and the Northern Ireland police lost control, this was because from the beginning, Catholics in Northern Ireland were a disadvantaged minority in matters of employment, housing, education, cultural and political participation. In 168 a civil rights movement emerged to protest against this discrimination, often provoking violent reactions within the Protestant community. The Catholics were greatly influenced by Dr Martin Luther King, and the American Civil Rights Movements which were going on at about the same time.

Protestants also had fears, they would have to share there economy with the rest of Ireland and the Roman Catholic Church would interfere in the running of the country. Also they maybe threatened with violence by the IRA to become a part of the republic of Ireland.

If we delve deeper we come to the partition in 10, Protestants remained part of the UK and the Roman Catholics who wanted independence. In Northern Ireland 66% of the population were Protestant and 4% were Roman Catholics.

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This partition had its roots in the 17th-century Ulster Plantation, which introduced Protestant settlers from England and Scotland into an overwhelmingly Roman Catholic country, establishing a Protestant control over the settlers and the native population in politics and society.

The long term causes of the problems between the Catholics and Protestant of Northern Ireland are rooted in the histories of England and Ireland. Since the 1th century and the invasion of Henry II in Ireland. Where English settlers were given land that belonged to the conquered Irish. These settles had more power and privileges then the native Irish. From this time until the act of union in 1800 England and Ireland were frequently at war with one another. Further confiscations of land took place by James 1stin 1601 and then by Oliver Cromwell in 1640's, making the Irish very angry and antiBritish.

The religious side to conflict started in 154 when Henry VIII broke away from the Pope and set up a new church of England, but the Irish wished to remain Roman Catholics and did not want to be forced to swear loyalty to Henry. He also passed laws were by every person should use the English tongue and language. Furthermore houses should be kept "according to English order condition and manner". In 154 he announced that he was also king of Ireland, undoubtedly causing additional bad feeling towards the English.

Still today people march to celebrate The Orange Order, which came about after James II was thrown out of England in 160's and fled to Ireland where he rose an army to attack the Protestants in Londonderry, but the new king William of Orange defeated James at the Battle of the Boyne. The Orange Order marches are a constant reminder of the division between the Roman Catholics and the British.

Another reason to cause problems in Northern Ireland was the Act of Union, this meant that Ireland's parliament was closed and England had control over Irelands law, which were passed in Westminster in London. For example there were certain restrictions on the jobs that Roman Catholic could do under English rule.

The great famine of 1846 was to cause even more bitterness, after England failed to organize sufficient help to the starving. The Irish had had enough after this period of time two movements emerged one wanted Ireland to become a republic completely separate from Britain and the other was formed seeking Northern Ireland being a part of Britain. The Irish had independence from the UK, they had there own political party and terrorist group and were willing to take there lives for it. The British government did, after the war give some independence, but not enough and civil war broke out, ending with a partition.

From my research of the history of Ireland, there seem to be many reasons for the British troops to be sent in to Northern Ireland in 16, with the immediatecauses being riots, where by there was no control over, but as we have found the trouble had started well before this time, with the plantations of Protestants, The Battle of the Boyne and the start of this conflict since 1th century with Henry II invading Ireland. The hatred between the two neighboring countries was built up over the centuries into the conflict of the present day. K4Ib5 from K4Ib5 essay K4Ib5 bank

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