Routing: We're Moving Now!

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Before a message can be passed to its target, it has to be formed; the message is enveloped inside a packet, which is formed by putting the address information of the target as a header of the actual message, so that the destination of the message and its size etc. can be read before the actual message is received. The actual message is then encoded in order to lessen transmittal time. This finalized packet is what gets pushed out of the door. Now our message is ready to be routed to its destination node. Routing is the act of moving a message from a source node or other network entity to its destination. A routing technique is a way of handling the message as it passes through individual nodes. A routing algorithm is a rule set for determining where to send a message next. There are several routing techniques used by entities accessing the Internet lets explore some of these routing techniques and algorithms. Dijkstra's least cost algorithm finds all possible paths between two locations. After identifying all possible paths, it also identifies the least cost path. The algorithm can be applied to determine the least cost path between any pair of nodes; this is the basic principal of routing messages. Lets examine some interesting and notable aspects of routing.

E-cube routing A message routing algorithm used on binary hypercubes. Hypercube is a topology used by early American multiprocessors where each node is the vertex of a d-Dimensional cube. If |Sn-1...S0| and |Dn-1...D0| are the binary co-ordinates of the source and destination of the message, and |Xn-1...X0| their difference, then the e-cube algorithm routes the message along links parallel to the axes corresponding to 1s in |Xn-1...X0|, in order from highest to lowest. In a hypercube, e-cube routing (or dimension-order routing) routes a message from source to destination by traversing the differing dimensions in right-to-left order (or left-to-right the specific order is irrelevant, as long as all routers use the same ordering). All edges of the hypercube are viewed as beinglinks, one in each direction.

Interval routing - A routing algorithm that assigns an integer identifier to each possible destination and then labels the outgoing links of each node with a single contiguous interval or window so that a message can be routed simply by sending it out the link in whose interval its destination identifier falls. Linear Interval Routing is a space-efficient routing method for point-to-point communication networks. It is a restricted variant of Interval Routing where the routing range associated with every link is represented by an interval with no wrap-around. Interval routing is a space-efficient routing scheme; this scheme is attractive because of its simplicity. Interval routing is one among several compact routing techniques for distributed networks. An interval routing scheme substantially reduces the space requirements of routers in the network provided the nodes and the edges of the network together admit an interval labeling scheme the scheme essentially determines the precise route taken by a message from a source to a destination in the network.

Metropolis routing - A routing algorithm for meshes, in which an ordering is imposed on axes, and messages are sent as far along the most significant axis as they need to go, then as far along the next most significant axis, and so on until they reach their destination. A mesh is that topology in which nodes form a regular acyclic or open structured d-dimensional grid, and each edge is parallel to a grid axis and joins two nodes that are adjacent along that axis. The architecture of many multicomputers is a two or three-dimensional mesh; each node represents a point on the mesh, and the edges define the neighbors of a node.

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Virtual cut-through routing - A technique for routing messages in which the head and tail of the message both proceed as rapidly as possible. If the head is blocked because a link it wants to cross is being used by some other message, the tail continues to advance, and the messages contents are put into buffers on intermediate nodes for reassembly later at the destination entity. Virtual cut-through routing reserves no resources in advance and breaks up the packet into several smaller chunks; the pieces of the packet are then transmitted one by one. The virtual cut-through routing scheme has the distinct advantage of not wasting allocated resources. This scheme does however require the use of large buffers to hold the entire packet. This technique addresses the flow control needs of routing.

Wormhole routing- A technique for routing messages in which the head of the message establishes a path, which is reserved for the message until the tail has passed through it. Unlike virtual cut-through routing, the tail proceeds at a rate dictated by the progress of the head, which reduces the demand for intermediate buffering but also slows overall data transmission rate. In wormhole routing, packets are divided into smaller parts of equal size called flits, which are then transmitted one by one, instead of transmitting the packet as a whole. All the flits of the same packet follow the same path and cannot overtake each other. Nodes on the packets path can contain only one flit of that packet and will always try to transmit it to the next node. Because the movement of the packets throught the data path resembles the movement of a worm, the packets themselves are sometimes called worms. It is also noteworthy in wormhole routing it is impossible for flits of another packet to cross the path of the current packet. This means, that even if a node is empty, flits of the other packet cannot use this node, unless the last flit of the current packet has passed it. This characteristic of wormhole routing introduces a problem called deadlock. Deadlock is the situation in which each possible activity is blocked, waiting on some other blocked activity.

Routing data is the most essential element in bringing data our home from the information superhighway. The interconnection of computers has spawned these algorithms, schemes and techniques to forward data from node to node. Without these essential ingredients the Internet would not exist.

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Altruism

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A casual observation of the human life, which involves day-to day interactions with others, asks the question, "Why do people help one another?"To answer this, we must break it down to smaller questions of events that take place during the human day-to-day routine.Why do we give to food banks or send money to a needy child in a third world country?Why do we hold the door open for the stranger behind us? Why do we stay up all night to comfort a friend who has just suffered a broken heart? Often the answer is that we help because we have no choice, because it is expected, or because it is in our own self-interest.A social psychology theory known as altruism specifically addresses the reasons of why we help individuals who are merely strangers to us. Psychologists define altruism as behaviour exhibited by one individual to benefit another, showing no direct gain but resulting in some cost for the first individual. It appears as though the individual who goes out of their way to help another person deviates from the social norm which may appear surprising. However, there is much argument about the nature of the motivation. Is it altruistic, or is it egoistic? Before we discuss why people help others, we must consider if our help for others is always and exclusively motivated by the prospect of some benefit for ourselves, or a selfless act for the sake of the person we are helping rather than our own.Take for example and egotistic scenario.On the night of March 1, 164, upon returning to her apartment in Queens around am; Kitty Genovese was attacked at knifepoint by a rapist.Thirty-eight of her neighbours that surrounded her apartment complex watched and listened from their windows for thirty-five minutes while she screamed in terror.While Kitty lay hopelessly awaiting her death no one attempted to call the police.This is a prime example of what Psychologists refer to as the bystander effect.This involves the non-intervention of bystanders in a critical instance such as injuries, emergencies, or something so minor such as not helping an elderly woman up from a fall.Social psychologists believe the process of decision-making involves split second decisions where we sometime unconsciously consider or weigh our options (Moghaddam,18, p.01).The decision to help or not is made after doing a cost-benefit analysis of the situation, meaning that someone who helps wants to maximize their reward and minimize their costs.This is an example of the commonly known social exchange theory, where relatively selfish behaviour directly links to universal egotism.

What are the true intentions of an individual displaying altruistic intention?Situations such as volunteering at and old age home or stopping at the scene of an accident to see if someone needs help, appear to have no direct reward attached to these actions.One might claim that their actions were entirely altruistic and that no reward was expected or wanted, and it might be quite possible that they are telling the truth.We have all been in situations like this.However, how do we know that their intentions were not motivated by self-benefit or by the mere fact of appearing heroic or honourable?The problem lies within the weak definition of altruism.The definition from the Collins Canadian Dictionary states altruism is "acting for the good of others and not for benefiting oneself".Acting for the good of others is generally common, but at the same time universal egotism states that we act out of selfishness to benefit ourselves.So the internal joy that we get from volunteering at and old age home may really be benefiting oneself, in the form of bettering that person's public image.It is most likely that a person may feel that by volunteering and attending to the needs of the elderly is performing a good deed which in turn may take the place of a sin recently committed.Or those who volunteer through their church to become missionaries building houses in developing countries may be going for the experience to travel, or meet new people, and do a good deed.So by what is stated from the above definition is that these are not examples of altruistic behaviour whatsoever.On a similar note, the social exchange theory involves the thought process of whether to act or not relies on the cost-benefit analysis, which basically analyzes the situation and determines whether or not the person will benefit by helping.According to Myers, the social exchange theory actually takes the selfishness out of altruism, and implies that "an act is never genuinely altruistic; we merely call it 'altruistic' when the rewards are inconspicuous" (Myers, 1004, p. 1).It would appear that if one can not otherwise explain an action that is termed a good deed, we merely consider it altruistic behaviour.

Psychologists refer to the bystander effect when trying to find evidence that will refute what might appear to be of altruistic behaviour.In certain situations where people should display altruistic behaviour and do not had become a concern for social psychologists.If we look back to the murder of Kitty Genovese, the detectives who investigated her murder discovered that at least thirty-eight of her neighbours had witnessed at least one of the three attempts on her life and still not one person called the police.A call was to the police was eventually made after kitty had been dead for sometime.One theory for the failure to act is that observers put the responsibility on each other to make the phone call to the police.They all were aware of each other watching, so each figured that someone else would have made the call.When referring to the cost-benefit analysis, it is determined that the costs will out way the benefits.Therefore, if one were to act in an altruistic manner, it must benefit them or the costs will outweigh the benefits and the individual will refrain from acting.

Throughout this essay I have argued that altruism does not exist in its purest form.I do not deny that the existence of self-sacrifice behaviour or general concern for others does exist, but I believe that we're always in the service of some more or less subtle self benefit.By using such theories as the cost-benefit analysis of the social exchange theory, the diffusion of responsibility of the bystander effect, and the theory of universal egoism I have believe that I've proven that in every act of altruism there is a benefit for the actor, whether it is social acceptance, better public image, or self-gratification.

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Case Study

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Suzanna's Super Quality Soft Drink

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The focus of this report is an outline of a situational analysis of a company that experience some problems and the management strategies to solve it. Problems that occurred includes

?Poor quality control and product quality has fallen

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?Major occupational health and safety concerns

?Very high absenteeism and low productivity

?Increased competition in the market

?Falling share since its relocation

?Financial problems

POOR QUALITY CONTROL AND PRODUCT QUALITY HAS FALLEN

?Water quality has caused product recalls

?Relying on Sydney Quality Control

?Water filtration plant installed with continuous electronic monitor in case of staff absenteeism

?Sugar and fruit juice quality needs to be tested

?Send the final product sample and sugar sample to the Certified Quality Assurance Laboratory

WORKCOVER HAS PRODUCED A REPORT STATING THAT THE NEW SITE HAS MAJOR OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY CONCERNS

EMPLOY NEEDS TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR

?Providing safe system of work

?Ensuring safe use, handling, storage and transport of plant and substances

?Providing information, instruction, training and supervision to ensure health and safety

?Maintaining a healthy and safe workplace

STAFF RESPONSIBLE FOR

?Taking care of health and safety of others

?Co-operating with health and safety requirements

?Not interfering with or mis-using anything related to health, safety and welfare

VERY HIGH STAFF ABSENTEEISM AND VERY LOW PRODUCTIVITY

To reduce absenteeism and improve productivity must consider a few key issues.

Firstly, what are the costs and benefits?

Costs may be the increase in wage payments. This may have a cost-push inflationary effect on prices and may reduce their competitiveness. It may otherwise erode profits.

The increase in productivity may offset any increase in wages and may not affect the cost of labour. It may even make them more profitable enterprises. The negotiations may 'clear the air?between employees and employer i.e. any problems can be ironed out and changes made.

There are also other methods employers can do. These includes

1.Suggestion box employees have their own comment on the relationship between employers and employees and also on work practises.

.Job rotation leads to employee satisfaction, therefore a willingness to attend the workplace.

.Job enlargement therefore job enrichment. By giving the employee more jobs to complete, the employee feels he/she is part of the team.

4.Increase amenities/extra-curricular activities this increase morale of employees and therefore greater productivity. This can be seemed through Coca-Cola providing their staff with a canteen serving both hot and cold beverages/food.

THERE HAS BEEN INCREASED COMPETITION IN THE MARKET WHICH HAS LED TO LOST REVENUR FOR THIS BUSINESS

Soft drinks are a product that is always needed thus its life cycle is ongoing. Therefore changing the soft drinks appearance-keep up with its popularity-yet avoid 'trashy trends? too much of the same thing.

Thus rejuvenation is a key strategy. Its tangible attributes can be changed like colour, size. Change packaging once in a while, with new designs, new structures and so on.

Also the change in flavours is vital here, as the consumers can get sick of the recurring flavours.

Place

The place or distribution is very important, instead of intensive distribution aim of a selective distribution system. This selective distribution can be aimed at the normal household or little shop. If the customer feels special or advantaged for going to a special store, the customer will buy more. Whereas if it seems as only a cheap, the image will go down. We must maintain the image of a quality producer yet affordable.

PROMOTION

Advertisement is the main strategy needed here. Advertise on TV, in papers and magazines. In advertising reflect the image of a quality produced not a cheap, nasty dealer. Look to glossy pages in magazines, fun-loving ads for teenagers on TV or sophisticated ads for those affluent customers.

FALLING MARKET SHARE SINCE ITS RELOCATION

vRelocation has not been informed

v'No Sign?about it was moving to

vIt is a competitive market

Reduce prices can boost market share and also increase sales revenue.

It will boost company confidence.A marketing plan is beneficial as it maps out strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats on the industry it is in. it also puts ideas on paper makes it clearer to understand and implement. It can also provide a control, evaluation of performance along the marketing plan. Benefits of a successful marketing plan include a greater share of market, more profits, quality of product and so on.

Provides a direction, a goal a business should be aiming for.

SWOT ANALYSIS

1)Maximise strengths

)Minimise weaknesses

)Exploit opportunities

4)Neutralise of get rid of threats

Strengths

-Good reputation.

-Good relationship with distributors, suppliers and customers.

-Capitalise on fashion and also keep prices affordable, as there are plenty of other cheap ones.

-Popular products, very good sale for 7 years until 18. The sales expanded by word of mouth, local marketing ads, effective local marketing, and samples; sell to school canteens and sales increasing.

Weaknesses

-Equipment outdated.

-While the company have a good reputation there are still many customers who do not know of their services.

-Problems with some of the trade debtor in collecting accounts receivable.

-Make sure price does not become stagnant and make sure price does change however according to necessary levels.

-Cash flow problems prevent the early payments of invoices to obtain a discount.

Opportunities

-Flexible product, new line, individual ideas.

-Cheaper, low quality imitations.

-Open new market by sample distribution (offering free samples) attracting customers.

Threats

-Competition from a new company start advertising the similar products.

-The rival company is signing contracts with restaurants and sporting venues to only sell their brand.

-Increasing number of competitors.

-Cheaper, low quality imitations.

FINANCIAL PROBLEMS OCCURING AND LAST MONTH A LARGE CREDITOR DEMANDED PAYMENT ON AN OVERDUE LOAN

-Keep the shop in 'GOOD REPUTATION?position.

-Negotiate an extension of the loan.

-Refinance the loan.

-Keep monthly sales graph various other records i.e. cash flow reports

-Profit and loss statements

-Cost benefit analysis etc

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Biology Environmental Science

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Wind Energy

Wind energy is a form of solar energy, created by circulation pattern in the Earth's atmosphere that is driven by heat from the sun.As the air flows past the rotor of a wind turbine, the rotor spins and drives the shaft of an electric generator.People have made use of wind energy for thousands of years.The energy that the wind contains can either be used directly or it can be converted into that high-value, highly flexible and useful form of energy we call electricity.The advantage of this wind energy is that we can generate more electricity and the wind is totally free so it is cheap.If we generate more electricity, then we can use more and in fact, we can get electricity at very cheap rate.According to my knowledge, there are no disadvantages for this wind energy.Only one thing, the generator and rotors are expensive to generate electricity so individuals can't afford it; only electric companies like ComEd can afford.This electricity helps residential and industrial consumption in any part of world.

Geothermal Energy

The term geothermal comes from the Greek.Geo meaning earth and therine meaning heat thus geothermal energy is energy derived from the natural heat of the earth.Geothermal energy is usable for a wide range of temperatures from room temperature to well over 00F.There are lots of advantages of this energy and there are only few disadvantages.The energy that was produced from earth is same as other energy that was produced from other sources.

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Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity is in the same category as solar and wind power in that it is both natural and reusable.Hydroelectric power stations use fast moving water flow, which turns turbines to create electricity.Hydropower is used in both small countries as well as other nations.There are lots of advantages of using hydropower.It is clean and environmentally friendly, it is a renewable resource, it is very cost effective, the plant can provide jobs and help develop local industries, and the process produced a body of water which can benefits wildlife, such as fish and water fowl.There are also disadvantages.Here are few of them The cost of initially building a hydroelectric power plant is high, energy produced can vary from area to area, and power plant must have an ideal location, close to a water source.

Ocean Thermal Energy

Ocean Thermal Energy utilizes the temperature difference between the warm surface seawater and cold deep ocean water to generate electricity.The heated working fluid is used to turn a turbine to produce electricity.Cold deep seawater is used to condense the working fluid in a second heat exchanger prior to being recirculated to the first heat exchanger.

Wave Power

Ocean waves are a form of wind energy that is concentrated within surface seawater.Friction develops between air and water as wind blows across the water, and waves are produced as energy is transferred between these two elements.Taking the motion of the waves, and translating it into mechanical or electrical energy, generates energy from waves.There are two types of instruments that can generate electricity from wave energy floaters and sitters.Floaters design can extract approximately 0% of the energy from the wave.I am not sure about advantage and disadvantage of this wave power.

Biomass

Biomass is organic material, which has stored sunlight in the form of chemical energy.Biomass fuels include wood, wood waste, straw, manure, sugar cane, and many others by products from a variety of agricultural processes.When burned, the chemical energy is released as heat.In fact, biomass continues to be a major source of energy in much of the developing world.The real environmental benefit of biomass will come when we can use large amounts of biomass to generate electricity, thereby reducing consumption of fossil fuels.

Solar Water Heating

The shallow water of a lake is usually warmer than the deep water and that's because the sunlight can heat the lake bottom in the shallow area, which in turn, heats the water.Most solar water heating systems for building have two main parts a solar collector and a storage tank.A solar collector is mounted on the roof.As heat builds up in the collector, it heats the fluid passing through the tubes.Solar water heating system can be either active or passive.Active systems rely on pumps to move the liquid between the collector and the storage tank, while passive systems rely on gravity and the tendency for water to naturally circulate as it is heated.The unit is expensive, but you can save much in electric or gas.

Solar Energy

San Francisco is on its way to becoming one of the biggest users of solar energy in the country.These people save lots of money on their utilities bill because most of their energy comes from solar system.This solar system produced electricity and this will help lower light bills.

Biogas

Biogas means social benefits for women and children who have a biogas plant installed to provide energy for cooking and lighting.The advantage of biogas is to provide electricity.In rural areas, where there is generally no electricity supply, the introduction of biogas has given people a sense of self-worth and time to engage in more activities outside the home.Dung is no longer stored in the home, but it is fed directly into the biogas plant, along with toilet waste.

Wood Burning

Wood was original heating fuel.Wood burning continues to be an effective and economical way to heat your home as a primary heating source or as a secondary heating source to complement conventional oil or gas furnace, or electric baseboards.People can use woods and they can cut their gas bills in half because they have fireplace in their house.

Work Cited

1.Wind Energyhttp//www.awea.gov

.Geothermal Energy http//geothermal.id.doe.gov/what-is.shtml

.Hydroelectricity http//alumni.imsa.edu/~eirias/hydro.html

4.Ocean Thermal Energy http//acre.murdoch.edu.au/ago/ocean/ocean.html

5.Wave Power http//www.doc.mmu.ac.uk/aric/eae/Sustainability/Older/Print/Wave_Power.html

6.Biomass http//www.eia.doe.gov/kids/renewable/biomass.html

7.Solar Water Heating http//www.txses.org/epsea/wtr.html

8.Solar Energy http//www.solartoday.org/00/july_aug0/San_Francisco.htm

.Biogas http//www.ecouncil.ac.cr/rio/focus/report/english/inforse.htm

10.Wood Burning http//www.eia.doe.gov/kids/renewable/woodburning.html

Please note that this sample paper on Biology Environmental Science is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Biology Environmental Science, we are here to assist you.Your cheap research paperson Biology Environmental Science will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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King Lear

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on King Lear. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality King Lear paper right on time.

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Robertson Nicole Robertson 1

British Literature 1

7 August 00

A Great Tragedy

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The good misunderstood and the evil accepted

Shakespeare's King Lear and Marlowe's Doctor Faustus is a detailed description of the consequences of one mans decisions that ends in a tragedy.Lear and Faustus decisions greatly alter their lives and the lives of those around them.These two stories are defined as tragedies because they meet the criteria of what a tragic hero stands for, i.e. a hero is larger than life, and both stories have a tragic fall caused by some error or moral weakness. It is not till the end of the plays that the honest people are recognized. The stories reveal a fatal error in judgement and a character flaw, which causes their downfall, suffering and enlightenment.

In the opening of Shakespeare's King Lear the first error in judgement is introduced in scene 1.1 lines 5-8, where Cordelia confesses her love for her father.

Good my lord, You have begot me, bred me, loved me;

I return those duties back as are right fit,

Obey you, love you, and most honor you.

Cordelia understands her position and accepts her duty without question.Lear ignores the fact that cordelia is pouring her heart out and confessing her unconditional love for him and in return he turns his back on her.Cordelia was prideful, and even a fool in her response, but I believe she was simply being honest and true. I believe this is the beginning of his downfall, which will lead him on a path of suffering.Lear made a monumental mistake when he handed over his kingship to his two evil daughters, Regan and Goneril.This is what eventually led him to his mental breakdown and the deaths of many individuals.If he had only choose to keep control over his kingdom or to give up control to someone trustworthy, then his suffering would have been reduced.Faustus much like Lear has made an error in judgement when he chooses to ignore the advice of the fictional Good and Bad Angels and the old man.The Angels represent

Robertson

the internal conflict that Faustus is dealing with to make his difficult decision to sell his soul to the devil.In SceneI line 5 Faustus says,

"O what a world of profit and delight,

of power, of honor, of omnipotence

Is promised to the studious artisan!"

Faustus is seduced by the lure of a power that he is not mortally meant to have.The good angel warns him, In scene I line 70

"O Faustus lay that damned book aside".

He heeds this advice and falls on the advice of the bad angel in scene I line74.

Go forward, Faustus, in that famous art,

wherein all nature's treasury is contained

Be thou on earth as Jove is in the sky,

Lord and commander of these elements.

Faustus desires this power that God did not intend him to have and following the advice of the bad angel is the beginning of his downfall.Faustus suffers in a different way than Lear did, he struggles with his own demons of choosing between the possible delights of heaven or eternal damnation.Later in the play the old man who urges him to listen to his advice, scene 1 line 6.

Ah Doctor Faustus that I might prevail

to guide thy steps unto the way of life.

The old man continues to attempt to persuade him to come under the mercy of God and be saved, but instead he is doomed for eternal damnation under the control of Lucifier and the Devil.Faustus and Lear overlook their valuable assets such as their family members, friends and the unforeseen angel.We all have someone looking out for us, I believe we choose not to listen to advice that is given to us that we don't want to hear.These plays teach us a valuable lesson, that all advice in one form or another may be for our own good.

A person's character is what an individual is made of and what we judge each and every person by.Lear posses a tragic character flaw of egotism.It is his egotism in the first scene that causes him to make

Robertson

his error in judgement, which in turn causes the division of his kingdom and the loss of Cordelia.Throughout the play, the consequences of his decision slowly destroy him. By abdicating his throne to fuel his ego, he is disrupting the great chain of being.Lear measures his personal wealth in terms of possessions.Lear is foolish and arrogant but he also is humble and compassionate.When Lear is forced to live in the elements by the maltreatment of his daughters, he experiences how the poor are treated and he becomes humanized.In the following scene .4 line Lear sympathizes with the poor,

Poor naked wretches, whereso'er you are,

That bide the pelting of this pitileess storm,

How shall your houseless heads and unfed sides,

Your looped and windowed raggedness, defend you,

From seasons such as these?

Lear shows he is more than and egomaniac and he also realizes his kingdom has forgotten about the common person.It is through these experiences that he discovers his wrongs and makes all attempts to mend them. Faustus portrays the same traits of egotism as Lear.This is obvious because Faustus is a well-educated man in the fields of law, medicine, and philosophy and yet he still hungers for a more powerful position in the universe.In scene I line 4

These metaphyics of magicians,

And necromantic books are heavenly!

Lines, Circles, schemes, letters, and characters!

Ay, these are those that Faustus most desires.

O what a world of profit and delight,

Of power, of honor, of omnipotence."

In this passage Faustus reveals his desire for the powers that will bring him knowledge, but most importantly, fortune and fame.Faustus is taking control of his life and his destiny, his appetite for power will bring upon his downfall.

It is not until the end of the plays that Lear and Faustus is enlightened.All the suffering and pain traces back to the one fatal error in judgement that Lear and Faustus made.Lear choose to give up his throne,

Robertson 4

this one decision has had massive repercussions upon Lear and the lives of those around him.Lear has suffered more than most in a lifetime, but I also believe he has brought this on himself.If only he was thinking from his heart and not with his ego all of this pain and suffering could have been avoided.Faustus as well made a fatal error in judgement to choose the Devil over God.Faustus experienced aroller coaster of emotions and had a tragical ending where he choose eternal damnation.Overall these plays were full of evil, betray and disloyalty.However, justice has been served and the lives of all the individuals involved will forever be changed.

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Abortion

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Abortion

A controversial issue, not only in the courts, but as well in my mind. Determining a

"personal platform," if you will, is quite difficult to do, so essentially the only thing that I have determined is that it is not necessary for me to have to choose. I also find it quite ignorant to ignore the opposing side. So, I believe that every person is allowed to formthere opinion or opinions, though they may even be conflicting, equally, one may also argue both sides.

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Many people believe that it is a question of morals, but I see beyond those simple ideals. Many people would also agree that it is not only a question right or wrong, but rather a more complex question of, "At what point does life begin?" Another question that people defending abortion would ask would be "Who has the right to your body?"

These type of open ended questions, with out any answer, just a defense in mind have no bearing in my eyes.

The question of "What point does life begin?" is a question that would be defensive in a mind other than mine, in that simply life does not grant itself rights. We do not give plants life, nor do we animals the we hunt, kill, and mount upon a wall. So why should we allow a fetus, an unborn child, a right? Well a reason may be that it has the potential to become a human being. Well potential is not good enough. It cannot state what it wants, it cannot much less think about what it feels. But then again, this unborn fetus could be the next Einstein, or a genius that will save the planet from extinction. It could, and we may only be robbing ourselves in the end, but if so, we'll have our regrets.

Next is the question of "Who has the right to your body?" This question is a still a ritorical question, but in a since, it has an answer. For if someone was to ask anybody that question, the obvious answer would be, "It is my body, therefore I own the right to my body." BUT, if you ask that same person, "Should a person be allowed to have an abortion?" There first answer just might change. If a person completely owns the right of there body, then they would have the right to choose, whether or not the baby is born. But a "Pro-life" person might say, "Well it's not really your place to answer another persons right." Arguing that the person pregnant does not have a say in the POTENTIAL living human. Bringing up the second question, and simply just making a dog chase it's tail.

An agreement between two groups may be, that when the fetus becomes a baby, and can support itself out side of the host, it shall not be terminated. The Pro-life side may still argue that the fetus is a living being, and should not be, as they would put it, murdered. But I believe this might just be the sanction between the two sides.

A woman may also have reasons for dismissing the unborn being. Perhaps birthing the baby may be detrimental to her heath, or perhaps the child is due to a raping of the women. Surely the women shouldn't have to birth the baby, or should she? Irony, ha ha, quite funny actually. The pro-life side wishes against abortion, therefore they are hypocritically arguing. A mother, may have a condition that possibly may kill her, if she does have a baby. What then? Do we still proceed with the birth? What type of Pro-life group/person would say yes to that answer, but then again, what type would say no? For you are still killing something/somebody.

A very strong argument from a Pro-life stand point would be to point out the different ways of birth-control other than an abortion. The easiest way birth control that is 100 percent accurate is not having sex at all -- abstinence. If one does not have sex, then I find it very difficult to see a way of accidentally becoming pregnant. Another method that is widely used, is by means of a condom, this method leaves a three percent margin for error (out of one hundred percent).

A way of abortion that has grown controversy a bit of a smaller extent then traditional ways of termination comes in the form a pill (Mifepristone or RU-486). Congress is looking at a bill that would put harsh restrictions on this pill. This drug has been studied for over ten years and has been approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) in September of 000 therefore stating it as a safe drug with proper usage. The proposed bill would restrict physicians that would be able to prescribe the drug to that of physicians that are trained to perform the abortion procedures. This pill only adds to the safe practice of abortion and this bill wants to take it away, again violating women's rights and potentially their health.

Another may construe my following comments as asinine things say, I will not hold back from stating them. The world is growing ever so rapidly, few nations have yet to realize this fact. I believe that if we continue to ignore the fact that we are running out of resources for the population growth, the economy will decline at the same rate of as our over population. One way to do this is by means of abortion. China has recognized this problem and are inforcing a law that mandates each family can only give birth to one child. One out of every 4 children born are Chinese. In less than 40 years the population of the world has more than doubled. If we continue at this rate, in another forty years the population 1 billion people. Every second, an average of 5 people are born andpeople die, a net gain ofpeople a second. Those are just some statistics that help out my reasoning, I see abortions becoming favored as the time passes, though we may not all agree, I feel it is what needs to be done. People may argue that it is quite and extreme thing to say, but eventually someone will have to say it, or we will essentially dig our own graves, and throw ourselves in there too. This is all based on my own reasoning, putting to play the fact that we hardly have enough energy/fossil fuels to power the population today, much less tomorrows.

Though many may view abortion as something that is unnecessarily cruel, and you have to uphold your responsibility. I feel that if it having the baby is a life or death situation, it is our responsibility as fellow humans to allow her to terminate the unborn being. Not only is it our responsibility in that situation, but I feel it is our responsibility to uphold the values of the America, and allow each person to make there own choice, as a right that our founding fathers have bestowed upon us, and still for what we fight for.

Reference

The National Abortion and Reproductive Rights League. NARAL. 4 Sepember 00 http//www.naral.org/index.html

Six Billion Human Beings 5 August 1. http//www.popexpo.net/english.html

Dworkin, Ronald. (14) Life's Dominion, An Argument about Abortion, Euthanasia, and Individual Freedom, New York Vintage Books.

Please note that this sample paper on abortion is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on abortion, we are here to assist you.Your persuasive essay on abortion will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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King Lear - Act 1

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KING LEARACT 1

The first act in King Lear is particularly significant in the play as it introduces the central characters, relationships and themes explored. Specifically, in Act 1, we are introduced to King Lear and his family, the Gloucester parallel plot, and themes of nature, appearance versus reality, love and power.

The opening scene is very important for establishing Lear's character and relationship with his daughters. In the very beginning, we find out from Kent and Gloucester's conversation that Lear has already divided the kingdom, and yet he continues to hold the 'love contest' between his three daughters. His actions portray Lear's materialistic values, great pride and love of flattery. Lear's foolishness is revealed when he accepts Gonerill and Regan's exaggerated declarations of love, yet rejects his youngest daughter's speech "I love your majesty according to my bond, no more nor less". By refusing to participate in the game, and instead speaking from the heart, Cordelia deeply hurts her father, and is banished. The king's judgement is clouded by his pride, and by banishing Cordelia; he shows his rash and impetuous nature. He also banishes Kent, his trustworthy friend, for attempting to help the king see clearly. Lear is blinded to the truth, that Cordelia's love, unlike her greedy sisters', is what it should be modest and genuine. Lear gives equal portions of his kingdom to the two eldest daughters and decides to take turns living with them. Lear's foolishness is seen here again; he expects to keep the status and luxuries of being king even after he has given away his kingdom. Lear is treated appallingly by his selfish daughter Gonerill and curses her for her treatment of him "Into her womb convey sterility, / Dry up in her the organs of increase." Lear, with the help of the wise Fool, comes to the realisation that giving away his power was foolish, and banishing Cordelia was even worse. The Fool holds up a mirror to Lear, allowing him to see the consequences of his actions. It is towards the end of the act that Lear admits, "I did her wrong". Lear is now full of hurt and regret and pleads to the gods "O let me not be mad, not mad, sweet heaven!" This line is a foreshadowing of what is to come of Lear.

The first act establishes Lear as a vulnerable and confused man who has suffered a great loss of power, and doesn't know his own children. It also hints at the possibility of the king losing his sanity in the future.

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The Gloucester parallel plot revolves around Gloucester, his legitimate son Edgar, and his illegitimate son Edmond. The first act introduces us to this family and develops the plot, so we can see how it relates to the Lear plot, and its importance in the play. In the first scene we are introduced to Gloucester's crude and inappropriate behaviour, as he talks about the 'making' of Edmond in front of Edmond himself, and Kent. Here, Edmond's true nature is hidden, as he speaks in a polite manner, despite the jokes being made about his conception. Scene , however, reveals Edmond's true intentions of planning to replace his brother Edgar as heir. His soliloquy at the beginning of this scene uncovers his deceptive and manipulative nature. He fakes a letter from Edgar in which he writes about his brother plotting to kill their father. Gloucester sees this letter and reacts rashly "O villain, villain… Abhorred villain, unnatural, detested, brutish villain…" Gloucester's reaction parallels that of Lear when he banishes Cordelia. Both men are impatient, impetuous and ignorant. They are blinded to their children's true intentions. Edmond's façade parallels that of Gonerill and Regan, when they speak in hyperbole about their everlasting love for Lear. Edgar, innocent and true, represents Cordelia.

This plot is very important in the play as it reinforces the meaning being conveyed by the Lear plot, therefore emphasizing and making more clear the messages of the play. The introduction of this plot in the first act helps the responder to see this.

There are several themes running through the play King Lear, and the first act introduces many of these. The themes are important instruments for contemporary responders to understand the time and society of the play, so that they might receive the messages Shakespeare weaves through this text, more easily.Nature is an important theme that is established in Act 1. It reflects upon the religion of the time of King Lear pre-Christian paganism, and also the Elizabethan view of the world the importance of natural order. Lear calls to the heavens and natural elements when cursing Gonerill and begging to remain sane. We can see the natural order of power being broken by Lear when he divides up his kingdom. This leads to the constant theme in this play of appearance versus reality, which relates to nature and the idea of what is natural. Lear is blind to reality and is taken up with appearances when he is tricked into believing that Gonerill and Regan love him dearly, when really it is Cordelia who does. Lear cannot distinguish between appearance and reality, whilst Cordelia, who is seen as patient, true and loving, sees right through her sisters.

The important question of what is natural and what is not is brought up by Edmond's actions in the first act. The reader is faced with the task of deciding whether Edmond's decision to replace Edgar, as heir is a natural reaction to being constantly labeled as a bastard by society, or an unnatural and evil plan. In this act, we learn that this theme will be an important one for the entire play. Love and its nature are also explored in Act 1. The love and lack of love can be seen in Lear and Gloucester's families. From the first act, we learn that love can be complex and deceitful, or on the other hand, simple and true. This act also conveys the complexity of family relationships. Lear does not understand the love of his children, nor does Gloucester. In reality, it is this misunderstanding that brings about Lear's loss of power. By giving away his kingdom, Lear disturbs the natural order of fathers ruling over their daughters, and is left with nothing. Gonerill, Regan and Edmond's new power causes unnatural events to occur. This act conveys the consequences of a loss of power disruption of harmony in families and in society.

King Lear's Act 1 is crucial for the text as a whole. Introducing the play's main characters, relationships and themes, gives the responder knowledge for the entire play. An understanding of the language, concerns and society of King Lear's time will thus develop and result in a deeper understanding of the text and the motivations behind its composition.

Please note that this sample paper on King Lear - Act 1 is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on King Lear - Act 1, we are here to assist you.Your cheap college paperson King Lear - Act 1 will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment fromcheap custom writing serviceand you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!