President Bushay

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President Bush has planned to speed the introduction of generic versions of brand name drugs.The bill was unanimously passed by the Senate Health committee on June 11th of this year.The induction of generic versions of these brand named drugs would add $1 million to the Food and Drug's Administrations wallet which will thus allow the hiring of more employees.

Generic drugs would be beneficial to patients and over the counter users because it will be much cheaper than its brand name counterparts. Much of the elderly community has complained about the high costs of brand-named drugs.Hence, the only ones who are woefully against Bush's proposal is the drug industry. This bill would penalize companies who make pacts with the makers of the brand-name drugs who try to slow the process of the introduction of its generic counterparts.

Bush's proposal is a response to the brand-named companies who are trying to obtain a patent or exclusive rights to the most high-selling drugs to the population.This aggressive tactic by the brand-name companies is also a response to some high-selling drugs losing its patent protection and many of the drug labs who manufacture these brand-named drugs are going through a dry spell.An even more scary thought for the brand-named companies is the statistic that the highest selling brand-named drugs who produce $1 billion in sales are expected to lose its patent protection by 005, according to the NDC Health, a company that provides health information to the masses.Sales of the brand named drugs will seriously plummet with the introduction of competing generic drugs, allowing not only hospitals but consumers, alternative options to choosing what kind/type of drug they are willing to purchase, with various price points to entice them.Generic drug makers need to take into account that if they were to ever

make a deal with the brand-named companies to delay the production of generi drugs, it would lose its right to produce that generic drug.

Custom Essays on President Bushay

Bush's Child Tax Cut

The White House is asking for a speedy resolution to the conflict over the child tax disputes for the low-income working individuals.There is a clash between Bush and his conservative party counterparts, especially one by the House majority leader, Rep. Tom Delay from Texas.He rejected the bill, which would have provided an increased child tax credit to around 6.5 low-income families.Delay cites that this tax-credit would only be approved if it were to be a part of a larger tax-cut bill--namely, the $8 billion bill that the House Republicans have revealed and will bring to the floor to discuss.This bill by the House Republicans came as a response that the projected deficit this year would exceed $400 billion, bringing it to the highest ever on record, according to the Congressional Budget Office.

The main reason for the speedy resolution of not only the resolution to this child tax cut bill but also to the prescription drug benefit to Medicare is to show that Bush's administration can pass bills in the face of partisan opposition.In doing so, strategists speculate that the Republicans hope to slow down, so to speak, the Democrats powerful campaign, heading to the 004 Presidential election.If Bush were to win the battle of the child tax cut bill, strategists say that it would nullify the Democrats attack on the Republican party--the one in which Republicans are said to be cold and heartless.Winning this bill would show that President Bush can be looked upon as being a compassionate conservative, one in which takes into account the situation of the masses and one who is willing to depart from the road of straight conservatism.Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, Rep. Thomas, hopes that the child tax credit will become permanent so that others will not try to use this bill as a way to garner support in the next election and to show that low-income families are indeed, important.

U.S. Won't Allow Iran Nukes

President Bush announced for the first time on June 18th that the United States and its allies will not tolerate construction of a nuclear weapon in Iran because it has been cited that Iran has violated and evaded inspections by the world's nuclear watchdog agency.Also, Bush hopes to be working with Allies to help intercept Iran and North Korea's ships and aircraft, which are anticipated to have nuclear weapons.U.S. officials who have closely studied and watched Iran and North Korea's nuclear activities, believe that the two countries are producing plutonium based weapons.Furthermore, the CIA believes that enough plutonium has been produced for two nuclear weapons, dating back to about 10 years.Another nuclear threat also by North Korea, was admitted by the country itself in October.North Korea stated that they had a second program which produced rich uranium in the laboratory.This statement is also backed up by the International Atomic Agency who received tips from other intelligent agencies in the United States and around the world.Adding to Bush's anti-nukes in Iran, is the fact that both Iran and North Korea have accelerated their nuclear arms programs in just a few short months, reported by the U.S. intelligence officials.

Citing that Iran could become very dangerous, President Bush wants the international community to come together to hault the threat of nuclear arms because of the danger it would cause everyone if Iran were to continue making nuclear nukes.However, President Bush was not specific on how he would go about implementing this strategy.The worry is that if Iran were to change governments, the new government would just implement the continued making of nuclear weapons.

Bush's Campaign Money Machine

Referred to most Republicans as the Bush juggernaut, President Bush will begin to raise money for the 004 election, starting with various fund-raisers.Example of fund-raisers include an event in Washington which costs $,000 per person with other fund-raisers held in California, Florida and New York.President Bush's goal is to raise twice the amount he did when he ran and won in the 000 election--$00 million this time, over the time frame of 18 months.Although most individuals who run for election start extremely early, Bush has the team to surpass any competition because of its methodological methods and extremely careful planning and abundant amount of fundraisers to boot.

Bush's aides want him to appear to above the competition by looking like the real commander-in-chief--meaning, limiting the loud arenas of pep rally events and just limiting Bush to doing fund raisers.One big strategy for the Republicans is the large state of California. Notoriously won by democrats in many past elections and won by Al Gore in the 000 election, many of Bush's strategists know that he become reelected in 004 without winning California but they know that the Democrats can't win without it.The strategy is to force the Democrats to spend a lot of time and effort into winning the state of California in the next election, thus proving beneficial to the Republican party, who can then focus on other states which would help secure a republican in the next presidential election. A clear won majority of the popular vote would definitely solidify Bush's credibility in the presidential seat, especially after the scandal of 000 when he lost the popular vote to Al Gore.

Jason Bernaldo

800-1000

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Snows of kilimanjaro

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In this story "The Snows of Kilimanjaro", the author Ernest Hemingway has basically two main characters, Harry and his wife, Helen.Throughout the story Harry has an infected leg, which seems to be seriously bothering him, it is actually rotting away.The author writes about Harry's time on the mountain with his wife just waiting for his death.In his story, Ernest Hemingway shows a great deal reality and emotion through his main character Harry, in the books themes, and its symbols.

The author's story is about Harry's spiritual death as much as his bodily one.From the beginning of the story Harry knew he was dying but knows it with intellectual detachment.In the story Harry says, "Can't you let a man die as comfortably as he can without calling him names? What's the use of slanging me?...Don't be silly. I'm dying now.Ask those bastards." (Hemingway, Page 08 and 0) Throughout the whole story Harry kind of has this arrogant, cocky dialect, and he is quite rude to his wife.During the story Harry is also lazy and drinks a lot, and at some parts of his life he just lets it waste away. In this quote, the narrator depicts part of Harry "He had destroyed his talent by not using it, by betrayals of himself and what he believed in, by drinking so much that he blunted the edge of his perceptions, by laziness, by sloth, and by snobbery, by pride and by prejudice, by hook and by crook."(Hemingway, Page 1) Harry's talent was that he could do whatever we put his mind to, and he was just lazy and let it slip away.

In many modernistic stories the reader usually finds out that the main character is some what alienated from everyone.In this stories case that is true, also.Harry, goes through his own time and just wants to be left alone.He gets sick, and he just wants to give up all hope.It seems like once something goes wrong, or doesn't go his way he just gives up.He drinks a lot during this story to wash away his troubles and he doesn't care that his wife claims that it is harmful to his health.All he can say in return is that he is going to die anyways.This is a main part of the story.

The symbolism in this story adds to the depth of it.Symbols are used to represent ideas or qualities in a story."Only by reading the story ironically, by regarding the symbols of permanence and purity as a mockery of Harry's unwholesomeness, can one maintain this critical position.It ignores the formal characteristic of irony, the implied meaning of snow and mountains in Harry's past, and the self-evident validity of Harry's final vision"(Dussinger, Page ) This quote shows that in Africa is where Harry had been his happiest in the good times of his life, so he had gone out there to start again.Africa is where Harry led a natural life style, one that was not filled with a lot of rottenness or greed from money.Since it is in Africa where he feels at home, that his Hemingway's symbol by showing that nature can be a therapy for the body.The main symbol of this story though is the mountain."As the mountain symbolizes life-in-death, the plain on which the man is dying symbolizes death-in-life, and the essential contrast in the story is between the two."(Evans, Page 4) The mountain stands for somewhat of a perfection, because a person could usually only reach it if they were dead.The snow is symbolic of being pure.The snow is white and fluffy.It makes everything look tranquil and calm.These are all par of Harry's happy times.

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This story also has symbols in the face of animals.In this story are the hyenas and the vultures, they of course of lingering throughout the story because they are the object of Harry's death.These symbols play a huge roll in the story, they make the reader more aware of what is going on, or they also foreshadow events.

This story has two endings.The use of these two endings kind of tricks the reader and makes the reader think a little bit more.This is a quote from when the plane rescues Harry and flies him toward the peak of the mountain."...there all ahead, all he could see, as wide as the world, great, high, unbelievably white is the sun, was the square top of Kilimanjaro.And then he knew that there was where he was going"(Hemingway, Page ) He wants the reader to read this ending and have it be the so called happy ending of the story.This ending is what Harry's dream and goal to be on the top of the mountain.The second ending is a little more on the gruesome side.This is how Helen finds out that her husband is dead, "There was no answer and she could not hear him breathing.Outside the tent the hyena made the same strange noise that had awakened her.But she did not hear him for the breathing of her heart."(Hemingway, Page )The hyena devoured her husband and ripped him into shreds.Some argue that Harry's money had only brought him unhappiness, and by the second ending of the story one may think that, but maybe that is why the author has the other ending, a happy one first.The reader can choose which one he or she would like it to be, the happy ending or the horror ending.

The many themes of this story make the reader contemplate on ideas even a tad bit more.Theme is an idea that recurs in or pervades a work of art or literature."...broad significance, a persons need to make a good death, the fickleness of fate, the moral guidance a primitive, natural world such as Africa gave cynical Americans."(Martin, Page ) The idea that Africa is Harry's happy place where he has all of his good times is part of the theme.Another possible idea to look at could be through this quote "... the story questions the wealth and privilege of American imagination, because even during the Great Depression, value continued to be measured in materialistic stuff."(Martin, Page ) That is a very valid point.Throughout the whole story Harry is always tied up on the money issue with his wife.He calls her a "rich bitch", and takes her money for granted, and says that is the only reason he is with her is because of her money.He is basically just using her.Another possible theme can be tied into some of the symbolism.Saying, life-in-death and death-in-life.If Harry does not have any love for Helen that is his death-in-life.His life-in-death could be in his writing, he recollects the good times of his life, and his time in Africa.These themes make the story more interesting and give it emotion.

A common part of this story that is similar to modernism is its plot structure.The story has parts where Harry is talking with his wife Helen.It also has a narrator.Then, it also has parts of the story that are written in italic font.This is where Harry recollects parts of his past time.This scheme of writing makes the reader be involved more in the story from all of the angles that it is being written.

Out of this story the reader can learn a lot about his or her life.Life can end very quickly, like Harry he received a disease to his leg and died in about two weeks, it what matters about what we do on earth that will determine are future with God.The reader can get the idea that money is not everything, and that you have to respect your spouse and treat them with respect.There were many instances in this story where Harry was extremely rude and cruel to his wife, Helen, who stuck by his side through anything.Overall this is a very modernistic piece.The main character is alienated from society.

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Blindness in King Lear and Oedipus Rex

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In Oedipus the King and King Lear, both main characters, as well as some minor characters, experience not only physical blindness, but mental blindness as well.King Lear, Gloucester, and Oedipus are "blind to the truth" in the beginning of the plays, and then experience some form of catharsis, the spiritual purging of emotions.In the end of the plays, all the blind characters gain the ability to "see".

In King Lear, Lear is mentally blind.Before he divides his kingdom, Lear asks his three daughters to profess their love for him, "Tell me, my daughters / …which of you shall we say doth love us most" (Shakespeare. I.1.5-56).This is one of Lear's downfalls, his overweening pride, or hubris, he wants to put on a show and have his daughters boost his ego in front of an audience.Lear's two oldest daughters, Goneril and Regan fill his head with false praises, pulling the blindfold over Lear's eyes; when Cordelia professes her love for him, "I cannot heave / My heart into my mouth. / I love your Majesty / According to my bond; no more nor less" (Shakespeare. I.1.101-10), Lear is oblivious that Cordelia's love is true and honest; he is blind.Lear disowns Cordelia, and when his friend, Kent, tries to convince Lear that he was wrong to disown his most caring and loving daughter, Lear, once again unable to see the truth, banishes Kent as well. Lear's physiological blindness is his ultimate downfall. Once Lear has realized his mistake in Act III, "Filial ingratitude! /…O Regan, Goneril! / Your old kind father, whose frank heart gave all!/ O, that way madness lies.Let me shun that; / No more of that" (Shakespeare. III. 4. 17-4), it is too late.When Lear realizes what his children have done to him, he removes his clothes, "Off, off, you lendings! / Come, unbutton here" (Shakespeare. III. 4. 115.), as well as the symbolic blindfold he has been wearing since Act I. Lear has now been divested to the essentials, he has experienced catharsis, and has finally realized his pitiful state.Lear has been blinded by his daughters, this realization has proved too much for him, and he goes insane.Lear, who begins the play mentally sightless, ends the play with the ability to see.

Another character who is blind to the truth is Gloucester.In the beginning of the play, Gloucester's younger illegitimate son, Edmund, plots against his older brother, Edgar, "Legitimate Edgar, I must have your land" (Shakespeare. I..17).Edmund convinces his father that Edgar is plotting to kill him, "It is a letter / from my brother… / The / contents, as in part I understand them, are to / blame" (Shakespeare. I..8-45.), however, the letter has been forged by Edmund.This is another instant in the play where a child is pulling the curtain over the parent's eyes, blinding them to the truth.In Act II, Edmund's plan works, and his now "blind" father turns against his "good" son and declares that Edgar shall be put to death.Gloucester then makes the mistake of confiding in Edmund, "the King my old master / must be relieved" (Shakespeare. III. . 18), thus revealing his plans to secretly help King Lear.Edmund, in soliloquy, reveals his plot to bring down his father, "this courtesy, forbid thee, shall the Duke / instantly know… / The younger rises when the old doth fall" (Shakespeare. III. . 1-5).This is an excellent example of dramatic irony, when Gloucester tells Edmund his plan to help the king, the reader can almost imagine the audience cringing and wanting to scream, "No, don't tell him that, he is against you!"However, because Gloucester has been blinded by his son, Edmund, he tells him his plans, and begins the downward spiral of defeat.In the next scene, when Gloucester sees Lear in his sad state, he reveals his own troubles, "I am almost mad myself.I had a son, / Now outlaw'd from my blood; he sought my life, / I loved him, friend" (Shakespeare. III. 4. 176-178).Gloucester is still wearing the metaphorical blindfold, and he thinks that Edgar was the child who plotted against him.In Act III, Scene 7, Gloucester experiences physical blindness as Regan, Goneril, and Cornwall, "Pluck out his poor old eyes" (Shakespeare. III. 7. 70).Gloucester calls for his son, Edmund to come to his rescue, when Regan tells him the truth, "Thou call'st on him that hates thee. It was he / That made the overture of thy treasons to us" (Shakespeare. III. 7. 108-10.).By becoming blind, Gloucester's blindfold is finally removed and he "sees" the truth, "O my follies!Then Edgar was abused" (Shakespeare. III. 7. 111).Gloucester begins the play mentally blind, and then after becoming physically blind, he ends the play, much like Lear, with the ability to "see".

In Oedipus the King, Oedipus is mentally blind.In the beginning of the play, Oedipus's vision is perfect, however he is blind to his past.When Oedipus is searching for the murderer of Laius, the person he is really searching for is himself.This dramatic irony adds to the theme of Oedipus being blind to the truth.Oedipus realizes he has to figure out who murdered the king, so he calls upon a blind prophet, Tiresias.Tiresias tells Oedipus, "You're blind to the corruption of your life /…Blind who now has eyes, beggar who now is rich, / he will grope his way toward foreign soil, / a stick tapping before him step by step" (Sophocles. 471-51).This is ironic that the prophet is blind, and even he is aware of Oedipus's blindness, while Oedipus remains sightless.Oedipus remains blind until the end of the play.It is then that he discovers his true past and that he is the murderer whom is seeks.In another bit of irony, Oedipus, who has been blind and so desperate to see the truth, "You, [shepherd], come over here -- / look at me.Answer all my questions" (Sophocles. 17-1), has now learned the truth, and wishes to be blind.He also purges his emotions (catharsis), and gouges out his eyes, "[Messenger narrating for Oedipus] You, you'll see no more the pain I suffered, all the pain I have caused!…Blind to the ones you longed to see…Blind in the darknessblind!"(Sophocles. 1406-1410).Through this play, the blindness motif holds, that a man who began the play mentally blind, became able to see, and then became physically blind.

In both King Lear and Oedipus the King, the characters begin the play mentally blind, either by arrogance or through the misjudgment of their children, and in most cases, become physically blind, after they have experienced the ultimate downfall.They are unaware that they are the "villain" or the "bad guy" who they seek.In King Lear, the characters are mentally blinded by their children.Goneril and Regan blind Oedipus into thinking that they are faithful to him and that they love him, and Edmund blinds Gloucester, and tells him that Edgar is plotting to kill him.The children in King Lear blind their parents in order to better themselves, and in both cases, the mental blinding goes unrecognized until the moment of catharsis; when Lear is standing in the storm, ripping off his clothes and losing touch with sanity, and when Gloucester's eyes are being gorged out.In Oedipus the King, Oedipus is blind to his past and to actions that he has committed, and he wants to learn the truth.Oedipus has blinded himself through arrogance, and it is not until the clues slap him in the face, that he realizes the truth.In his moment of catharsis, Oedipus gouges out his own eyes, and literally cleanses himself of the emotions and the "bad" blood that was harvested inside his body.

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Etiology and control of common scab on potatoes in South Africa

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Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the worlds fourth most important food crop after wheat (Triticum aestimum, L.), maize (Zea maize L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.), and provides a balanced source of starch, vitamins and minerals to many communities in the global village (Rowe, 1). Of all primary food crops, potatoes suffer the greatest losses due to disease (Agrios, 17). ). Of the various diseases, common scab is one of the oldest and was first recorded in South Africa by Pole Evans (106). Recent statistics indicate that 0.1 % of all seed potato tubers produced in South Africa are infected with common scab (http//www.potatoes.co.za). Between 16 and 001, the percentage of bags containing infected seed tubers averaged%, with a corresponding rejection or desertification of the seed. The disease also reduces the cosmetic value of ware potatoes and, with the growing consumer-demand for blemish-free produce, increasingly results in the downgrading of consignments on the ware market.

The etiology, epidemiology and control of common scab have been investigated extensively in many countries. However, as the disease has previously been regarded as of little economic significance in South Africa, it received only sporadic interest. Dippenaar (1) conducted a comprehensive environmental and control study of common scab, part of it in Wisconsin with a South African isolate of the pathogen. This was one of the first studies to show that scab can be reduced by increasing soil moisture during the early stages of tuber initiation, and also indicated an enhanced activity of bacteria in the moist soil. The study furthermore verified earlier results (Sanford, 16) that the scab organism and the disease are suppressed at pH lower than 5.0-5.5. Other relevant reports include those by Anonymous (175) confirming the existence of superficial, raised and deep-pitted lesions on common scab-infected tubers in South Africa, and Frean (175) indicating that common scab occurs locally in soils with a pH as low as 4.5. Slabbert et al. (14) reported that 45 % of 10 isolates of Streptomyces scabies from four of the 14 potato production areas in South Africa produced thaxtomin A, a phytotoxin commonly associated with pathogenicity of the common scab pathogen (King et al., 11).

Current research on common scab in South Africa focuses primarily on the screening of genotypes for resistance (Marais & Visser, 18; Nortje et al., 000) and recommendations accordingly. A seed certification scheme, which allows between 0 and 8 % infected tubers depending on the generation and class, is also in place (Republic of South Africa, 18). Chemicals that are presently registered in South Africa for the control of soilborne inoculum of the pathogen include chloropicrin, chloropicrin/ethylene dibromide and quintozene, whereas flusulfamide and mancozeb are registered for tuber treatment (Nel et al., 1).

Despite the above, various aspects related to common scab in South Africa remain unclear. For instance, although S. scabies is the main causal organism of the disease worldwide (Loria, 14), and has been shown to be prevalent in four of the 14 production areas in South Africa (Slabbert et al., 14), at least 1 other Streptomyces species are also associated with the disease (Lambert & Loria, 18; Faucher et al., 15), but no attempt has been made to determine if, and to what extent, any of them occur in the country. Also, the rotation crops recommended by Frean (175) for the control of common scab are not necessarily economically and agronomically feasible in rotation systems with potato, or suitable for the management of other pathogens and pests. Lastly, although the chemicals registered against common scab are effective, the cost of particularly soil applications is extremely high and control not always consistent (De Klerk & Engelbrecht, 16). Growing consumer-resistance to, and the negative environmental impact of, synthetic pesticides furthermore necessitate the consideration of alternative control strategies. The purpose of this study therefore was to (i) elucidate the identity of the common scab pathogen in selected potato production areas, (ii) identify rotation crops compatible with potato growing, and (iii) investigate the potential of biofumigation, i.e. rotation with glucosinolate-containing brassicaceous crops or incorporation of their residues into soil (Brown & Morra, 17), as an affordable and environmentally-acceptable alternative to agrochemicals for the control of common scab.

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REFERENCES

AGRIOS, G. N. 17. Plant pathology, 4th ed. Academic Press, San Diego.

ANONYMOUS 175. Knolafwykings Bakteriese siektes. Farming in South Africa G 10.

BROWN, P. D. & MORRA, M. J. 17. Control of soil-borne plant pests using glucosinolate-containing plants. Advances in Agronomy 61 167-1.

DE KLERK, A. D. K. & ENGELBRECHT S. 166. Kan bruinskurf in grond doeltreffend met chemiese middels beheer word. CHIPS Jan/Feb 6 4-6.

DIPPENAAR, B. J. 1. Environmental and control studies of the common scab disease of potatoes caused by Actinomyces Scabies (Thaxt.) Guss. Union of South Africa, Department of Agriculture Science Bulletin16 1-78.

FAUCHER, E., SAVARD, T. & BEAULIEU, C. 1. Characteristics of actinomycetes isolated from common scab lesions on potato tubers. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 14 17-0.

FREAN R. H. 175. Grow top potatoes. Top Farmers Publication, Durban.

KING, R. R., LAWRENCE, C. H. & CLARK, M. C. 11. Correlation of phytotoxin production with pathogenicity of Streptomyces scabies isolates from scab infected potato tubers. American Potato Journal 68 675-680.

LORIA, R. 14. Common and acid scab of potato Management, etiology and potential uses for the phytotoxins produced by Streptomyces species. pp. 14-154 In Advances in potato pest biology and management. G. W. Zehnder; M. L. Powelson, R. K. Jansson, & K. V. Raman (eds.). APS Press, St. Paul, MN.

MARAIS, L. & VISSER, A. F. 18. Progress with breeding for resistance of potatoes to common scab and future strategy. Potato Research Symposium Proceedings, Warmbaths, South Africa, 1416 October 18.

NORTJE, P., KLEINGELD C. & VISSER A. 000. Potato breeding, evaluation and commercialisation in South Africa and opportunities for Australia. Potatoes 000 Conference Proceedings, Adelaide, 1 July -August 000 1-5.

NEL, A., KRAUSE, M., RAMAUTAR, N. & VAN ZYL, K. 1. A guide for the control of plant diseases. Government Printer, Pretoria.

POLE EVANS, I. B. 106. Report of the Plant Pathologist in Report of the Transvaal Department of Agriculture, 1st July, 105 to 0th June, 106.

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA 18. Regulation Gazette No. 1880. Goverment Gazette, 15 May 18, 5 -7.

ROWE, R.C. 1. Potato health management a holistic approach pp. 154-156. In Potato Health Management R. C. Rowe (ed). APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota

SANFORD, G. B. 16. Some factors affecting the pathogenicity of Actinomyces scabies. Phytopathology 16 55-547.

SLABBERT R., DE KLERK, A. & PRETORIUS, E. 14. Isolation of the phytotoxin thaxtomin A associated with Streptomyces scabies (common scab) in potatoes. Journal of the South African Society for Horticultural Science 4 -4.

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Crisis PR Management at Shell Mauritius Limited (SML)

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This particular section will assess the role of Shell's PR practitioner as a crisis manager.In the first part, we will consider the perception of this aspect at SML, how it is dealt with and then we will use the Ps Prevention, Preparation and Provision as benchmarks for assessment purposes.

The Institute of Crisis Management (ICM) defines a crisis as a "significant business disruption, which stimulates extensive news media coverage." (http//www.crisisexperts.com)

At SML, though, depending on the level of risk involved and the probability of occurrence (i.e., time scale), two different appellations have been given to such probable calamities.In fact, the 'crisis management' and 'issue management' concepts used at SML are just different words which bear the same meaning as Jefkins' (18)kinds of possible crisis namely, 'unlikely' and 'likely' respectively.

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Thus, at SML, 'crisis management', as they understand it, is a rather broad and vague concept, which relates mainly to unlikely (but not impossible events).What they do cater for is the concept of 'issues management'.According to Mrs Teeroovengadum, this appellation describes more likely crisis, which have a high risk of occurrence.Hence, at Shell, they consider this concept as being more focussed.However, as Ashcroft (17) stated " Issues management is the latest American import, which, as yet, has rather a rather blurred division from crisis management.There are many similarities… an issue can develop into a major crisis".

Whatever be the appellation, SML, does consider these probabilities.As a matter of fact, at SML, they have a crisis plan as to how to deal with any crisis situation or any major issue that may crop up.This is fully supported by Ashcroft (17) who claimed that "an organisation's reputation is as important as any other corporate asset, and many organisations have some kind of crisis plan intended to protect that reputation should something go wrong."In addition, at SML, this plan is not rigid.Rather, it is reviewed each year to cater for unexpected changes.At SML, a crisis team has devised this particular crisis plan, which focuses more on issues management.The team comprises such people as the MD, the Brand and Communications Manager from the Department of Public Affairs and managers.Furthermore, all team members know specifically what their roles should be in such situations.In fact, each department has a plan, as to how to deal with a crisis situation, which is fully aligned and integrated with the overall crisis plan.

At SML, quite interestingly, not all cases related to the oil industry have direct repercussions for the Mauritius branch.For instance, major oil spills happening will not have so much impact on the local company, though publics may ask certain questions.Even, if a major international affair occurs in Mauritius, this becomes a Group issue, i.e., it concerns the whole of Shell Group and so, it is the Public relations practitioner at the international level, who tackles the problem.

Quite surprisingly, even the Iraq War is not a crisis, not even an issue, for SML.In fact, according to the Brands and Communication Manager, SML, is only a distributor of petrol in Mauritius.It is the government through the State Trading Corporation that imports this product, and so it is not an issue for the company.

Nevertheless examples of probable cases, as given by Mrs Teeroovengadum, that may affect SML are for instance, say, a Jet Al Lorry has an accident or there is the explosion of a gas cylinder while moving from depot to the airport.If ever, such likely issues are to occur in reality, well, SML is prepared to face the ordeal.In this connection, they have set down plans on how people should deal with it, i.e., who to contact and what to do.

Before the assessment part, let us consider one latest case considered under the issues management concept, rather than as a crisis management situationthe Leaded/Unleaded petrol issue.

The Leaded/Unleaded Petrol Issue

Regarding this issue, by virtue of its sense of social responsibility, there was a deliberate attempt on the part of SML, to launch a sensitisation campaign to inform its stakeholders, and this was done in collaboration with other oil companies and the Ministry Of Environment.In this connection, brochures (See Appendix…) were published on ' Frequently Asked Questions'.Also, to cater for other publics that might have missed the information campaign, they decided to train gas stations' managers and pump attendants to respond to queries from clients.In this context, workshops were organised by Mr Gino Finette, Training & Marketing Manager and the main aim was to make the managers and attendants "ULG" Champions"(See ULG Champion Assessment).

Assessment Of The PR practitioner role as Crisis or Issue Manager

Based on what has been discussed, we can see that the Ps of crisis management namely Prevention, Preparation and Provision can be applied, to a certain extent to SML.

Prevention

The prevention procedure should be based on trying to anticipate what could go wrong.This is in line with the classic crisis management-adopting a "better safe than sorry" policy.Also, "…the thinking is to avert, rather than deal with, disaster by looking for issues that might arise over a set periodan issue audit."(Ashcroft, 17).The two lists under the appellations of crisis management (more unlikely issues) and issues management (likely cases) devised at SML, caters for this prevention aspect.

Preparation

As far as preparing for crisis is concerned, seconding Jefkins (18) idea, we would say that "it is essential that any organisation should set up a permanent crisis management team."Like the typical crisis management team of Jefkins (18), SML basic crisis committee does comprise the MD, the Brands and Communications Manager from the Department of Public Affairs and other departmental managers.What is a shortcoming here is perhaps, the fact that there is no regular contact by meetings or correspondence to enable review and update of the crisis plan.At SML, the latter is reviewed only once per year.For more effectiveness and efficiency, this exercise should be done more frequently.

Provision

Besides, more emphasis should be laid on communication among team members so as to be consistent and agreeable on what and how to divulge to the media, hence improving even on the 'provision' stage of crisis management.The latter seems to be a real pitfall at SML and this should be counteracted since "communicating effectively was now more often seen as of the same importance as putting problems right."(IPR Journal, 15, p.14).It should never be forgotten that "effective management of information at a time of crisis is even more vital, when damage to an organisation's reputation or damage to established goodwill can result in severe damage to operations." (Ashcroft, 17)

Bibliography for this part

Ashcroft L.S., 17, Crisis Management- public relations, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Volume 1 Number 5, pp. 5-, Liverpool Business School, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.

IPR Journal IPR Journal, 15, p.14

Jefkins F., 18, Public relations, 5th edn., M&E Pitman Publishing, London

http//www.emerald-lib.com

http//www.crisisexperts.com

http//www.prmanagement.com

http//www.crisiscounselor.com

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Diversity

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Biological Diversity in a Section of Cameron Park

Through assessing a 5 by 5 meter plot of land in Cameron Park, an urban ecosystem, I obtained a better understanding of the natural stresses present in an environment and the resulting biological diversity that is affected by these stresses.My plot of land was located on a slope of medium steepness leading down to a small creek towards the Northwest and a path to the Northeast.The aspect of this plot was 0 degrees northwest.The soil was rich, noted by its dark and damp appearance and texture.The soil was deep as well, which allowed for plants with extensive roots to grow in that particular area.Dead leaves and moss-covered logs blanketed the soil, most likely contributing to its rich texture.Most of the greenery in this plot was low to the ground with several accompanying taller trees.There weretrees that reached about 45 feet tall, but the rest of the landscape was covered with younger, smaller trees, shrubs, and floor greenery.

After taking note of these characteristics I was able to propose my hypothesis The biodiversity of my real estate is high because the soil appears to be rich and moist, the slope is not extremely steep which would promote erosion, and the presence of decaying plant parts suggests that the soil will continue to be fertile.Furthermore, the ground and plants seemed fairly undisturbed, which would allow for a greater survival rate from more plant varieties.These factors, as well as others, do have an influence on the diversity of this plot.The slope is not extremely steep, but it most likely does pose a problem for new, small shrubs whose roots do not hold them into the ground.When it rains, some of these smaller, younger plants have a chance of being washed into the creek below.Another factor to consider is that the tall trees provide shade for the smaller plants.This may hinder or improve the plants' growth, depending on each plants preferred environment.I also noticed that most of the plant leaves were eaten away by insects.Almost all of the leaves contained several holes.There has obviously been a bug infestation within this area which probably affects the survival rate of young plants.This factor is important to take into account when assessing the ecosystem of this area.Since this park is an urban area, it probably is affected by man-made factors as well, such as pollution.I did find a glass bottle in the brush on my plot, so there was evidently human contact at some time in this area or surrounding areas.

The predominant plant inhabitants of this site consisted of shrubbery and low greenery but there were several young trees and vines along withlarger trees as mentioned before.I was able to identifyCarolina Snailseed (Cocculus carolinus) among the greenery, along with 1 Chinese Privet (Ligustrum lucidum), and 1 small tree, which I was unable to identify, characterized by smooth bark and light green pointed leaves.There were also 4 cedar elm (Ulmus crassifolia),of which were the largest trees on the plot.I noted the presence of two Texas White Ash (Fraxinus texensis).I found that there were several plants in this area, but few appeared to be the same species.As for animals, I saw two brown moths,black ants, a white spiral snail, a large black bumble bee, and three beetles each of a different color.Just as with the plants, there were several varieties of insects present, but few were from the same species.

Custom Essays on Diversity

Once I plotted the data I obtained regarding the different plants and animals in existence on this plot, I calculated the Simpson's Diversity index.The total number of living species, both plants and animals, present in this plot was 0, 1 of which were different species.Using the following equation and the numbers as stated on my Plot Data sheet, I found the Simpson's Diversity index to be 0.68.

Ds = 1.0[total column D / (total column B x (total column B-1.0))]

Ds = 1.0[4 / (0 x (1))] = 1- (4/80) = .68

The closer this Simpson's Diversity index is to 1, the more diverse the area is.My index, 0.68, is close to 1.0 and therefore suggests that there is a large biodiversity in that specific area.Due to this index value, I know that this area contains a variety of plants and animals and can be considered a fairly natural and organized environment.The ecology is fairly extensive in this particular area.Furthermore, this diversity index indicates that the external stresses affecting this ecosystem are limited.The medium-steep slope is obviously not so extreme as to result in serious erosion.Exposure to natural stresses, including exposure to sun, wind, and rain, are evidently at beneficial levels.If the slope was steeper, this 5 by 5 meter ecosystem may have been exposed to too much run-off water.However, the land in this area of Cameron Park slopes in several directions, preventing the run-off water from flushing away the organisms of a particular plot.My plot could have also been damaged by being overly exposed to the sun had its slope been facing directly East or West instead of Northwest.Obviously, there are many natural resources affecting the ecosystem, such as those mentioned above as well as the decaying material on the ground responsible for improving the quality of the soil.These natural resources are the reason for a high diversity index in this area.Without them, the ecosystem would fall apart and the biodiversity would fall.Only certain organisms would be able to survive in a different environment.Using counting techniques and the Simpson's Diversity Index in Ecology allows for a standard to be used in comparisons.Describing an ecosystem using numbers makes the information more understandable to other people.Otherwise, the biodiversity of an ecosystem would appear to be an opinion rather than a standardized measurement.

This Simpson's Diversity index value proves my hypothesis to be correct; there is a high biodiversity in my real estate.When making my initial hypothesis I was influenced by the general appearance of the ecosystem; it was fairly well covered in greenery and other forms of life, but few of the organisms looked the same.I was also influenced by the soil's rich appearance.I thought that since the soil was deep and dark brown, it could provide nutrition and stability for a variety of plants.

Although the ecological system in this plot seems to be thriving, external stresses continue to exist and influence the environment.The diversity I calculated is close to 1.0, but it could be even more diverse.External stresses are the reason for this plot not reaching its potential diversity.First of all, natural disturbances act as a natural selection agent.Plants that need more sun than this plot is provided with, due to its aspect and location, will not survive here.Some plants may need less water than they would receive here and would therefore die.Plants and animals that cannot naturally survive in this environment are "weeded out" by natural stresses.Man-made stresses, however, result in a different type of destruction.Since this plot is part of an urban park, the ecosystem is susceptible to pollution, trash, and human contact.All of these factors may result in the killing off of organisms that would have naturally survived had there been no man-made disturbances.These too result in the lowering of the plot's biodiversity.

Through ecology, I have attained a better understanding of the effects external stresses can have on an ecosystem.Both nature and man provide stresses on an environment, therefore determining its diversity.Overall, my particular plot was quite diverse.Hopefully future man-made disturbances do not change this, but as I have learned from this lab, man's stresses have a great influence on environment and will continue to impose changes upon ecosystems.

Please note that this sample paper on Diversity is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Diversity, we are here to assist you.Your persuasive essay on Diversity will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Examine the relevance of interpersonal skills to the manager working in an arts environment and offer some suggestions as to how you might improve your own skills in two specific areas.

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Examine the relevance of interpersonal skills to the manager working in an arts environment and offer some suggestions as to how you might improve your own skills in two specific areas.. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Examine the relevance of interpersonal skills to the manager working in an arts environment and offer some suggestions as to how you might improve your own skills in two specific areas. paper right on time.

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In any organisation or management environment there will always be people who are not happy. Sometimes this is due to poor management from sub-standard 'people handling' skills.

The stereotypical view of a manager and his/her job is to

•plan

•organise

•co-ordinate

•control

This is true but there is more to it than that. Henry Mintzberg suggests that a manager has about ten roles to take on in his/her job. The first three roles are interpersonal roles, as a figurehead, a leader who is responsible for all the work of the people in their unit, and the liaison who makes contact outside of the chain, whether it is to a manager above or another organisation. The second three roles that a manager takes on are informational roles, where the manager is a monitor by keeping tabs on everything in the unit by being able to have access to every staff member in it, a disseminator who can pass on information to subordinates, and as a spokesperson. Finally the manager has a decisional role where he/she is an entrepreneur, seeking to constantly improve the unit, a disturbance handler, a negotiator and a resource allocater.

Formal authority

and status

Interpersonal InformationalDecisional

rolesrolesroles

FigureheadMonitorEntrepreneur

LeaderDisseminatorDisturbance Handler

LiaisonSpokespersonResource Allocator

Negotiator

'If any role is removed this affects the effectiveness of the manager's overall performance'

Laurie J. Mullins (00) Management and Organisational Behaviour. Prentice Hall

What makes a good manager?

One must be aware of the idea of behavioral science which include the three main disciplines - psychology, sociology, anthropology. By doing this one can structure the organisation in order to secure an optimum working environment. Psychology aims at looking at ones 'personality system' including perception, attitudes and motives. Sociology looks at the social behaviour and relationships among different groups and societies. Anthropology looks more at the study of human behaviour overall taking into consideration the cultural system, beliefs, ideas and customs.

By taking behavioural science into consideration one can start to have an understanding of human nature. This is needed in order to have an understanding of interpersonal skills.

Interpersonal skills are used in everday life. It is 'the sending and receiving of symbols with meaning attached to them'. It involves 'transactions among two or more people who interact in such a way that each has influence on the others way of thinking and behaving'. Personality and interpersonal perception will affect how one communicates.

Person A speaks,

moves, gestures,

etc.Person B interprets

A's speech,

movement and

gestures in order to

understand A's

motives, emotions,

assumptions,

A responds inattitudes, intentionsB responds in

speech,abilities.speech,

movement,movement,

gesture, etc.gesture, etc.

A interprets B's

speech, movement

and gestures in

order to understand

B's motives,

emotions,

assumptions,

attitudes, intentions,

abilities.

Cycle of perception and behaviour

Guidham M (15) Interpersonal Skills at Work. Prentice Hall

A manager, especially in the arts environment, where people can be difficult to deal with, requires an understanding of perception in order to help judge the behaviour and intentions of his/her sub-ordinates and superiors. In the arts environment team work is essential for success, however there are bound to be conflicts especially where egos and personalities are larger than life. An awareness then of transactional analysis is very beneficial, helping to explain the dynamics of interpersonal communication. It looks at personality and how it is made up of three ego states which can be seen in gesture, action and tone of voice. Eric Berne labeled the three ego states as the child ego state, the adult ego state and the parent ego state. In the majority of work situations adult to adult transactions are most likely to happen but in the arts environment where people can be sensitive, arrogant or flamboyant often transactions can be interpreted differently maybe as a parent-child transaction. As Laurie J. Mullins says "transactional analysis can help to improve communication skills by interpreting a person's ego state and which form of state is likely to produce the most appropriate response."

Selection and attention also needs to be looked at. What information do we select to take in and why?

Management Self-Development

So far I have not had many opportunities in managing other people. However, I have had plenty of experience in managing myself, at school, outside of school and at university as well as having the support, throughout, of managers. My interpersonal skills are fairly good face to face but in other areas such as through written skills and presentation skills, my communication flounders. In communicating I'd say I had an assertive style which in the arts environment is extremely useful. I am an effective, active listener, I don't make judgments but I do state my observations as well as expressing myself directly and honestly. Improving my communication skills in writing and presentation takes practice and time; however I could aim to try and use other forms of communication such as email and memos.

The other skill that I have to improve is time management. This is an essential part of being a manager especially as one of the most important tasks as a manager is to manage one's own time. As Drucker says

Time is the limiting factor for effective executives. Time is a unique resource - you cannot rent, hire, buy or otherwise obtain more time. The supply of time is totally inelastic; time is totally irreplaceable and everything requires time.

Drucker, P. F. (188) The Effective Executive. Heinemann Professional

In order to improve this skill I need to be aware of the essential requirements of good time management which are to have clear objectives, careful forward planning, define what is a priority and take action and finally be able to delegate successfully.

Bibliography

Derek S. Pugh and David J. Hickson (16) Writers on Organisations. Penguin Books

Laurie J. Mullins (00) Management and Organisational Behaviour. Prentice Hall

Guidham M (15) Interpersonal Skills at Work. Prentice Hall

Drucker, P. F. (18) The practice of Management. Heinemann Professional

Drucker, P. F. (188) The Effective Executive. Heinemann Professional

Please note that this sample paper on Examine the relevance of interpersonal skills to the manager working in an arts environment and offer some suggestions as to how you might improve your own skills in two specific areas. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Examine the relevance of interpersonal skills to the manager working in an arts environment and offer some suggestions as to how you might improve your own skills in two specific areas., we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Examine the relevance of interpersonal skills to the manager working in an arts environment and offer some suggestions as to how you might improve your own skills in two specific areas. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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