INDIA. FOOD AVAILABILITY AND SELECTION

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INDIA

Food Availability and Selection

India is an extremely vast country.Before independence it consisted of about 600 semi-independent kingdoms, ruled over by Hindu's and Muslims under British supervision, as well as large tracts of land ruled directly by the British, land that the British had divided, as and when they acquired it, into governable provinces.There were about 15 major languages spoken across the land as well as 1,65 minor languages and dialects and the people belonged to at least 15 major faiths.

With independence, the princely kingdoms merged into one country, India.When the Indian Government began the task of dividing this huge land into states, they did it upon a linguistic basis.Each area with a major language and culture was given it's own state.The idea of forcing a common language has been tossed many times.The people do not want it as they are proud of their separate cultures.Many have traditions as well as poetry and literature that go back thousands of years and they are not about to give that up.This is true of foods as well, which are different from one state to the next.

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India is in that sense very similar to Europe, with each state rather like each European nation, having not only it's own language, culture and foods, but it's own history, it's own unique geography and it's own set of dominant religions.The feature that link all the states is that they all have the same central government.The entire country was influenced by Muslim rule which began around the 11th Century and later by British colonisation.And, where foods are concerned, the whole country has in common the total command over spices and seasonings.

India's cuisine is as rich and diverse as her people.The spectrum of Indian cuisine can be said to lie between two dietary extremesvegetarianism and meat eating.

India is well known for it's tradition of vegetarianism which has a history spanning more than two millennia.However, this was not always the case.During the Vedic period (1500-500 BC) the priestly Hindus sacrificed animals to appease and gain boons from the Gods, after which the flesh was consumed.But the trend of meat eating shifted with the times.The anti-meat eating sentiment was already felt at the end of the Vedic period.This period also saw the rise of Buddhism, Jainism who detested the practise of sacrificing and consuming the flesh of animals, preaching the principle of 'non harming'.But at the beginning of the Epic period, beef was said to be common food that added vigour, not only to the body but also the mind.But as the cattle population decreased, so did this belief.Since Ghee, milk and yoghurt were vital for temple rituals, the cow began to enjoy a greater prominence and it's meat became prohibited.This started the banning of eating beef, which has become a long standing feature in Hinduism.

There is evidence that in 800BC people began to eat more vegetables, pulses, cereals and fruit as a consequence of growing distaste for meat.Even the priests took to vegetarianism and started to offer vegetarian meals to the Gods.Kings, such as Ashoka, forbade the killing of animals which further contributed to the development of vegetarianism.

The Brahmins continued their vegetarian fare for different reasons, excepting garlic and onions which were thought to arouse passions.However, all Brahmins are not vegetarians.Vegetarianism became more linked with the cuisines of southern India, rather than the north.

To date, India has received the equivalent of $1 billion in U.S. economic assistance ($5.7 billion in today's dollars).The nature of this economic assistance has been based on the Indian Government's requests and it's changing requirements as the economy developed.

U.S. economic assistance peaked at $1.6 billion in 160 when food aid accounted for % of the annual assistance budget.As India became self-sufficient in food production and expanded it's industrial capability and infrastructure, the need for U.S. assistance declined.In the 180 and 10s, USAID's average annual budget for India was $157 million and targeted key sectors, such as science and technology transfer, capital market development, health and women's status.

Although U.S. assistance declined, India is still looked upon as a poorer nation relying heavily on other countries support.

Indians are exposed to more combinations of flavours and seasonings than perhaps anyone else in the world.Their cuisine is based on this variety which, in flavours, encompasses hot & sour, hot & nutty, sweet & hot, bitter & sour and sweet & salty, in seasonings.It stretches from the freshness and sweetness of highly aromatic curry leaves to the dark pungency of the resin asafoetida, whose earthy aroma tends to startle westerners.

Their spice shelves often contain more than 0 seasonings.The Indian genius lies not only in squeezing several flavours out of the same spice by roasting it, grinding it or popping it whole into hot oil, but in combining seasoningscurry leaves with popped mustard seeds, ground roasted cumin seeds with mint, ginger and garlic with green chilliesto create a vast spectrum of tastes.It is this total mastery over seasonings that make Indian foods quite unique.

Eating from a 'thali' (a metal plate or banana leaf) is quite common in most parts of India.Both the North Indian and South Indian thali contain small bowls arranged inside the rim of the plate (or leaf), each filled with a different sort of spiced vegetarian food, curd and sweet.At the center of the thali you would find a heap of rice, some puris (wheat bread rolled into small circular shapes and deep-fried in hot oil) or chapathis (wheat bread rolled out into large circular shapes and shallow-fried over a hot 'tava).Indians wash their hands immediately after and before eating a meal as it is believed that food tastes better when eaten with one's hands.

'Paan' is served as a digestive after some meals.The dark-green leaf of the betel-pepper plant is smeared with a little bit of lime and wrapped around a combination of spices like crushed betel-nuts, cardamom, aniseed, sugar and grated coconut.It is an astringent and is believed to help in clearing the system.

All Indian food is served with either rice or bread or both.In the North it is the whole wheat breads that are commonly eaten and in the South it is plain rice.The traditional Indian bread use to be flat, baked on cast-iron griddles, rather like tortillas.The Muslims introduced ovens where sour dough and plain breads, such as 'Naans', could be baked.At most Indian meals, aside from the meat, vegetables, split peas and rice or bread that are served, there are also relishes, yoghurt dishes, pickles and chutneys.They round off the full cycle of flavours and textures, adding bite, pungency and often vital vitamins and minerals as well.Tandori chicken originated from this country, becoming a very popular way to cook chicken.

Around the world food is eaten to fill stomachs and to keep bodies strong and healthy.In India there is frequently a shift in emphasis.Indians, like everyone else, eat to survive but they also eat to keep their bodies finely tuned, physically and spiritually.The physical fine tuning is achieved by a series of weekly fasts to cleanse the system and by careful selection of the seasoning used in daily meals.

Religious and caste restrictions, weather, geography and the impact of foreigners have affected the eating habits of Indians.For example, Brahmins are very strict vegetarians usually, but in the coastal states they consume a lot of fish.Southern Indians, generally speaking, have been orthodox in their taste, probably because eating meat when it is hot all year round can be difficult.In the North the weather varies from scorching heat to nail biting cold with a sprinkling of showers in between, so the food here is quite rich and heavy.Also, the mughal influence has resulted in meat eating habits among many North Indians.

A foreigner can discover the many differences in foods of various regions only after landing in India.The variation in Indian food from region to region can be quite staggering.The history of food and how it has developed has proved vital in the culture and way of life of Indians.It's uniqueness has been recognised world wide giving the whole world a little taste of India

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Discuss john proctor

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You can never get an equal and co-operative society. Especially at the time of the Salem Witch Trials, the puritan establishment brought complete pandemonium to the town and caused many unnecessary deaths. Every person is unequal and the diverse authority levels, beliefs and personalities are always unbalanced. Miller explores the revolutionary ways in the play that people try to rectify their broken circumstances challenging religion and trust.

Many of the strong points and fundamental themes hidden within their society relate back to personal beliefs, dogmatic views, universal issues and the political weaknesses in society in that particular time. The more persistent themes e.g., Empowerment, reputation, mass hysteria and intolerance, convey and represent individual characters and the loyalty they portray towards their personal beliefs. The puritan people believed that a person could make compact with the devil. Their morals and beliefs led them to start pointing fingers and accusing people of witchcraft.

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Out of everyone in the play John Procter remains closest to his beliefs. Proctor is an out spoken character who maintains an upright position of a wealthy farmer. He commits adultery with Abigail, but it was his emotions that did this, his guilt led him to do the right thing and tell his wife of the affair. The thing that I admired most about Procter's character is his ability to change for what he believed in. He cannot be easily led, as he is a leader himself. He was a prominent and distinguished man who remained honest to himself and others throughout the play. He was an attractive role model. By displaying his beliefs openly, he was respected even if it meant going against the puritan authorities. He challenged authority and this is what made him a hero. He's looked upon as a symbol from the bible. This is because he gains a sense of satisfaction and reassurance through himself and his own defeat and dies with his integrity, knowing he could have changed his fate by telling a lie. He remained honourable and immovable, by remaining true to himself and what he believed in. The on-going quality Proctor's character holds is the normal and healthy imperfections a person should experience. He makes genuine and human mistakes, which makes him more approachable as a person because he appears natural in his ways and respectable within his decisions. Except for the last one he made. He wouldn't sign a lie because he was too passionately committed to his beliefs, and in some ways this was his major weakness. As it led to his death. He didn't want to lose faith in himself by lying and he didn't want the puritan people to look at him and see him as a coward. He believed that a person could learn from their mistakes and redeem themselves by doing good. After the crime he committed he was just the same, a person because he was a symbol of goodness from the very beginning of the play.

The situation gets a bit sacrificial when Abigail thrives for her revenge and begins to get besotted with John. She believed that even if goody proctor wasn't around John would still have feelings for her, as he did during their previous affair. It was obvious that Proctor was attracted to Abigail and that she was in love with him, however wrong it may have been morally. Perhaps he didn't make it clear that it was over, he was also quite weak in that respect. Maybe it was her narrow mind preventing her from seeing how circumstances and how people in them can change for what they believe is right.

"Give me a word John. A soft word…"

"John I am waiting for you every night."

Abigail uses taunting and forceful tactics to make him see "Sense", interfering with his beliefs; all of Abigail's dialogue is based on her fiction and what she believed in.

He slows down the process of doing what he thinks is the right thing, which then led him to oppose and challenge elements beyond his control. For example; Abigail's fabrication and forceful obsession with him.

Another important aspect in the play, which constantly conveys itself through clever symbolism, is the on-going battle of good and evil. This is what emphasizes Proctor's fairness in the situation. Proctor, in some ways, is a religion himself; Abby abides by him, his correct ways could be learnt from and he obtains different impurities and experiences people could relate too. In order to be a heroic figure people must be able to relate to you. E.g., having natural weaknesses; Proctor's big weakness at the beginning is Abigail and realising that his individual needs might have to be sacrificed for the good and welfare of everyone. He over comes his weakness and his run in with Abby shows this is great detail "Abby, you'll put it out of mind. I'll not be comin' for you more.", and also how he is adamant to do the right thing,

Honesty plays a big part within a religion because if you're not true to yourself, you contradict what you believe in and represent yourself through complete dishonesty. Proctor follows and abides by the rules of his personal beliefs by admitting the affair he had with Abigail to his associates and the court.

"I have known her, sir."

So it seems, that she had motive for what she was doing. He also carried through with his level head and open mind whilst he was on the receiving end of the fabrication, as he was the last one to believe it all, even at the most dramatic of stages. Proctor's affair with Abigail begins to make him re-think his moral values and spiritual beliefs throughout the course of the play. He doesn't change them though. It only made him question and doubt himself. "What is John Proctor?"

Despite Proctor's change in seeing things, the town's people changed also, from respecting him as a citizen to seeing him as a sinner. The people are initially against him, as he does not believe witches existed. What helped Proctor's change is his wife having the ability to see people, for who they are,

"I see what I see, John."

She could see John for what he was and this helped him come to realise the strength within himself and made him stronger as a person.

"I fear nothing."

At this particular moment her strong emotion is contradicting her dialogue, as she is saying and feeling this with great fear. She feared her own justified circumstance but still remained right in her argument at the end of Act .

The court's weakness is that they let people stand up for what was morally and ethically correct but still executed them, along with the majority of characters in the play, including John Proctor.

"Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave my name!"

In order to save himself he had to turn against the strong values his name carried. He didn't believe that he should lie about his own guilt to save himself; he wanted to keep his pride by dying. He did, He died holding his respected name and personal morality. His dignity and loyalty eventually kills him.

He relates himself and his current situation to his affair.

"In her life, sir, she have never lied. There are them that cannot sing, and them that cannot weepMy wife cannot lie. I have paid much to learn it, sir."

It suggests within context that he has well and truly learnt from his mistake and that he feels intensely for Elizabeth. He speaks to the court; this is his final attempt to save his wife. He also tries to prove the girl's fraud. He exposes Abby's motivation through Elizabeth being condemned.

This new power orientated obsession of hers causes her to kill proctor indirectly.

"He may have his goodness now…"

Elizabeth says this hoping that her husband's next life brings out his true goodness and valued name. I think she is also trying to signify that those making the decisions to kill are in fact pure evil and that John was much higher then them, maybe not with authority but in justice.

Until Christianity there was no devil figure, the author is suggesting that we invented the devil as an on-going punishment for people not abiding rules, laws or demands. The play can be seen as an analogy in that sense. In reality Proctor's death was allegedly his punishment. I think this was very wrong because the effort for trying to do what he believed was the right thing, caused him despair and misery, so the struggle to do good by staying closest to his beliefs was his ultimate punishment.

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SMALL BUSINESS PLAN

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1.0Executive Summary

DreamNet, unlike a typical caf¨¦, will provide a unique forum for communication and entertainment through the medium of the internet. DreamNet is the answer to an increasing demand. The public wants (1) access to the methods of communication and volumes of information now available on the Internet, and ()access at a cost they can afford and in such a way that they aren't socially, economically, or politically isolated. DreamNet's goal is to provide the community with a social, educational, entertaining, atmosphere for worldwide communication.

This business plan is prepared to obtain financing in the amount of $4,000. The supplemental financing is required to begin work on site preparation and modifications, equipment purchase, and to cover expenses in the first year of operations. Additional financing has already been secured in the form of (1) $4,000 from the Oregon economic development fund () $40,000 of personal saving from owner Jiamin Liu () and $,000 in the form of short-term loans.

1.1Objectives

DreamNet's objectives for the first three years of operation include

The creation of a unique, upscale, innovative environment that will differentiate DreamNet from local coffe house.

Educating the community on what the Internet has to offer.

The formation of an environment that will bring people with diverse interests and backgrounds together in a common forum.

Good coffee and bakery items at a reasonable price.

Affordable access to the resources of the Internet and other online service.

1. Mission

As the popularity of the Internet continues to grow at an exponential rate, easy and affordable access is quickly becoming a necessity of life. DreamNet provides communities with the ability to access the Internet, enjoy a cup of coffee, and share Internet experiences in a comfortable environment. People of all ages and backgrounds will come to enjoy the unique, upscale, educational, and innovative environment that DreamNet provides.

1. Keys to success

The creation of a unique, innovative, upscale atmosphere that will differentiate DreamNet from other local coffee shops and future Internet cafes.

The establishment of DreamNet as a community hub for socialization and entertainment.

The creation of an environment that won't intimidate the novice user. DreamNet will position itself as an educational resource for individuals wishing to learn about the benefits the Internet has to offer.

Great coffee and bakery items.

1.4 Risks

Will there be a demand for the services offered by DreamNet in Sydney?

Will the popularity of the internet continue to grow, or is the internet a fad?

Will individuals be willing to pay for the service DreamNet offers?

Will the cost of accessing the internet from home drop so significantly that there will not be a market for internet caf¨¦ such as DreamNet?

.0Company Summary

DreamNet will be located in Sydney's Chinatown, will offer the community easy and affordable access to the internet. DreamNet will provide full access to email, WWW, FTP, usenet and other internet applications. DreamNet will also provide customers with a unique and innovative environment for enjoying great coffee, specialty beverages, and bakery items.

DreamNet will appeal to individuals of all ages and backgrounds. The instructional internet classes, and the helpful staff that DreamNet provides, will appeal to the audience that does not associate themselves with the company age. This educational aspect will attract younger and elderly members of the community who are rapidly gaining interest in the unique resources that online communications have to offer. The location will provide students and business people with convenient access to the online needs.

.0Service

DreamNet will provide full access to email, WWW, FTP, usenet and other internet applications. Printing, scanning and introductory courses to the internet will also be available to the customer. DreamNet will also provide customers with a unique and innovative environment for enjoying great coffee, specialty beverages, and bakery items.

.1 Competitive Comparison

DreamNet will face some competitions in Sydney, but DreamNet will differentiate itself from the other internet cafes by providing its customers.

. Technology

DreamNet will invest in high-speed computers to provide its customers with a fast and efficient connection to the internet. The computers will be reliable and fun to work with. DreamNet will continue to upgrade and modify the systems to stay current with communications technology. One of the main attractions associated with internet cafes, is the state of the art equipment available for use.

4.0Market Analysis Summary

DreamNet is faced with the stronger competitions in the Sydney cyber-caf¨¦ market. Therefore, the consistent popularity of coffee, comfortable atmosphere, combined with the growing interest in the internet, is confident to be a winner among the competitors.

4.1Market Segmentation

DreamNet's customers can be divided into two groups. The first group is familiar with the internet and desires a progressive and inviting atmosphere where can get out of their offices or bedrooms and enjoy a great cup of coffee. The second group is not familiar with the internet, yet, and is just waiting for the right opportunity to enter the online community. In addition to these two broad categories, DreamNet's target market can be divided into more specific market segments which are students and business people.

4.Target Market Segment Strategy

DreamNet intends to cater to people who want a guided tour on their first spin around the internet and to experienced users eager to indulge their passion for computers in a social setting. Furthermore, DreamNet will be a magnet for local and traveling professionals who desire to work or check their email messages in a friendly atmosphere. DreamNet's target market covers a wide range of ages from members of generation x who grew up surrounded by computers, to baby boomers who have come to the realization that people today cannot afford to ignore computers.

5.0Strategy and Implementation

Attract novice internet users

Attract power internet users

Social hub

5.1 Pricing strategy

DreamNet bases its prices for coffee and specialty drinks on the ¡°retail profit analysis¡± provided by our supplier. Determining a fair market, hourly price, for online use is more difficult because there are stronger competitions, maybe the price for internet is cheaper than others in order to attract more customers.

5. Promotion Strategy

DreamNet will implement a pull strategy in order to build consumer awareness and demand. Initially, DreamNet has budgeted $5,000 for promotional efforts which will include advertising with coupons for a free hour of internet time in local publications and in-house promotions such as offering customers free internet time if they pay for an introduction to the internet workshop taught by DreamNet's computer technician.

5. Sales Strategy

As a retail establishment, DreamNet employs people to handle sales transactions. Computer literacy is a requirement for DreamNet employees. Our full-time technician is also available for customers in need of assistance. DreamNet's commitment to friendly, helpful service is one of the key factors that distinguishes DreamNet from other internet cafes.

6.0Management Summary

DreamNet is owned and operated by Jiamin Liu. The company, being small in nature, requires a simple organizational structure. Implementation of this organizational form calls for the owned, Miss Liu, to make all of the major management decisions in addition to monitoring all other business actives.

6.1Personnel Plan

The staff will consist of six part-time employees working thirty hours a week at $8.00 per hour. In addition, one full-time technician will be employed to work forty hours a week at $10.00 per hour. This simple structure provides a great deal of flexibility and allows communication to disperse quickly and directly. Because of these characteristics, there are few coordination problems seen at DreamNet that are common within larger organizational chains. This strategy will enable DreamNet to react quickly to changes in the market.

7.0Break-even analysis

Break-even Analysis

Monthly Units Break-even4,

Monthly Revenue Break-even$1,461

Assumptions

Average Per-Unit Revenue$.5

Average Per-Unit Variable Cost$0.50

Estimated Monthly Fixed Cost$10,000

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Civil Service has been successful in maintaining and exercising neutrality. Discuss.

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The British executive is divided into two halves, the political half and the administrative half. The political arm consists of the elected and unelected politicians who run the various departments and sit in cabinet, while the administrative half consists of the civil service. The civil service is essentially the mechanism of government, implementing the policies created by politicians. The civil service has a hierarchical structure, stretching from the top officials concerned with policy matters, right down to the hundreds of thousands of junior civil servants concerned solely with administration. Senior civil servants have traditionally been seen as responsible for running government departments and work closely with the actual minister, and include the posts from assistant secretary to permanent secretary.

Traditionally the civil service has had a closed career structure. Recruits would largely come from Oxbridge and be chosen because of general intellectual skills rather than relevant qualifications. Personnel would then be trained on the job, and most would expect a lifelong career, progressing through the ranks.

Reforms resulting fromLabour's Fulton Report (168) created an open structure throughout the civil service. This opened up positions, including those at higher levels, to outside competition.

Due to the close relationship senior civil servants have with government ministers, and the considerable influence they can possess, it has traditionally seemed important that the civil service remainspermanent and politically neutral. Politicians have the mandate of the electorate, whereas the civil service consists of unelected officials working closely with the government. It has always been assumed, therefore, that the civil service must be politically neutral, and loyally serve ministers regardless of which party is in government. The civil service is there to provide impartial advice on government policy, and about the practical limitations of certain ideas. Permanence is seen to be important within the civil service as a counteract to the relatively short period of time which ministers hold their job for. The average length of time for a minister to retain the same job is two years, and so they will often be unused to the job and inexperienced. It is therefore important that there are senior civil servants with years of experience and plenty of knowledge about the departments' work, ensuring continuity and stability of administration.

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The principle of anonymity ensures that senior civil servants aren't publicly identified with the successes or failures of government policies. This is in line with the doctrine of ministerial responsibility, which states that ministers are personally responsible for the actions of their department, including those of civil servants. This doctrine can only function if senior civil servants are anonymous.

One additional feature which separates the civil service's administrative character from the political role played by politicians is expertise. Although entering the service with a generalist rather than specialist nature, they pick up valuable experience and expertise during the intensive 'Fast track' training which new recruits to the senior civil service receive. As ministers aren't assigned positions on relevant political expertise, it is important that senior civil servants are experts in administration.

The civil service has remained fairly similar in its structure and characteristics since the Northcote-Trevelyan Report 1850s.

The most radical recent reforms have occurred during the last 0 years. The Fulton Report set the ball rolling, but it was Thatcher's administration which really kick-started radical reform. On entering government she was intent on reducing the size of the state, reducing government expenditure, and this included the civil service. This firstly meant immediately freezing civil service recruitment.

Thatcher was keen on introducing free market principles throughout the public sector, not withholding the civil service. One of her first moves was bringing in Derek Rayner from the private sector and giving him a senior civil service post, as head of the new Efficiency Unit. The purpose of this unit was to review the civil service from within, improving management and reducing costs. Thatcher also wanted to see a greater degree of responsibility taken by senior civil servants over policy, contravening the principle of ministerial responsibility. Performance-related pay was also envisioned, although appeared difficult to apply in practise.

These reforms still left many unsatisfied, and Thatcher's next head of the Efficiency Unit, Robin Ibbs was commissioned to produce a report with further recommendations. The product of the Ibbs Report (187) was largely the Next Steps agencies. The recommendations of the report were considered so radical they were kept under-wraps until after the 187 election. The Report again heavily criticised the civil service for being too large, for being too conservative and for spending too much money without being cost effective.

The recommendation was for semi-autonomous agencies to be set up with responsibility for the day-to-day implementation of policy. These agencies were to be headed by a chief executive responsible for management within the boundaries of government policy, and accountable to the relevant minister. The long-term aim was for 5% of civil servants to be employed within agencies, with the remaining 5% being employed centrally by the ministries. Due to the willingness of the Major and then the Blair government to continue these reforms, this target is nearly met, as 77% of civil servants were employed by agencies in 18.

The philosophy behind the Next Step Agencies is the divorcing of administration from policy formulation, in order to remove political obstacles from improved efficiency and private sector-style management. This separated the policy-advising senior civil service from the rest of the civil service.

Besides following through the reforms laid out during the Thatcher administration, Major introduced the Citizens Charter in 11. Its aim was to make civil servants more accountable to the public and to improve standards. The idea was to set targets for agencies, describing the service the public is entitled to.

In 18 Blair replaced the Citizens Charter with the Service First programme. Although similarly ran by a team in the Cabinet Office, the Service First Programme concentrates on focus groups, canvassing public opinion about the quality of services. By asking the people using the facilities how they are doing, it becomes possible to look at ways of raising standards.

The principle of ministerial responsibility and the anonymity of senior civil servants was brought under serious disrepute over the Westland Affair (185). This was probably the first time that ministers actually named specific civil servants as being the ones on whom blame fell. Civil servants were instructed by Downing Street to leak certain information which was damaging to Michael Heseltine. The relevant ministers blamed the civil servants involved, and the vice versa. There were no resignations as the Ministers claimed that the civil servants had acted on their own initiative.

The "Spycatcher" affair managed to ruin both the "anonymity" and "neutrality" of the civil service. On a number of occasions Thatcher had asked the Cabinet Secretary, Robert Armstrong to defend government policy, compromising his neutrality. The affair in question was over the governments wish to ban the publication of a book called "Spycatcher". The person sent to argue what was a political decision in court was Armstrong.

Overall I feel that the neutrality of the civil service has been hardest hit by the increase in political advisers that have specifically chosen the prime minister himself and so are considered to be "yes" men that promote their own political agenda than serve the interest of the general public.

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Organizational Change in the Defense Industry

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Organizational Change in the Defense Industry

Denyne M. Kowalewski, LDR 510

University of Phoenix

Help with essay on Organizational Change in the Defense Industry

InstructorTim Haake

May 7, 00

Organizational Change in the Defense Industry

This paper will attempt to lay out the framework that a Fortune 500 defense industry firm followed during a time of major organizational change.In undertaking the change, three models were drawn upon to lead the industry through the process.Each of the models provided tools that the industry ultimately utilized in carrying out organizational change.These models and highlights from each will be interwoven into this paper.

In the 10's, the defense industry was forced to shrink in size and budget due to collapse of the Soviet Union and relative peace throughout the world.These factors coupled with forced consolidation of companies that catered to this industry forced immediate review of all internal and external factors to ensure viability in an unstable environment.The difficulty faced by this industry is that nearly all impacting factors are external to the affected industry.

The three models contributing tools to the organizational change of the defense industry were• Kotter's (15) eight-step model for transforming organizations, • Jick's (11) ten-step approach leading an industry through change when already in the midst of the process, and • Gavin's (000) seven-step change acceleration process.The strength in availing use of the three separate models is that each model provided separate checklists and essential steps in moving towards a plan for change.

Extrapolated from the three models noted above was development of change in 1 individual step increments developed as a framework for the evolution of the forced change.The 1 identified steps were 1) The idea and its context; the starting point from which the change catapults, ) Define the change initiative; the forces prompting the change, external versus internal, ) Evaluate the climate for change; thorough analysis of the existing systems and structures that will be impacted by the changes, 4) Develop a change plan; includes specific goals, clear responsibilities for strategists, implementers and recipients, 5) Find and cultivate a sponsor; gain support and buy-in from influential leaders and targeted individuals and groups (companies) that will share in the success or failure of the change, 6) Prepare your target audience, the recipients of change; communicate routinely the impacts for the proposed changes to the recipients of the change, 7) Create the cultural fit making the change last; strategically initiate change that is congruent with established military mindsets organizational culture, 8) Develop and choose a change leader team; identify a strong respected leader who can inspire employees, embrace a vision and motivated by the challenge of change, ) Create small wins for motivation; short-term wins shared my employees is critical to implementation of long-term change, 10) Constantly and strategically communicate the change; COMMUICATE, COMMUNICATE, COMMUNICATE the commitment to the changes and all successes and challenges, 11) Measure progress of the change effort; make visual assessment tools that gauge the milestones and benchmarks of the organizational change plan, and 1) Integrate lessons learned; generate a set of lessons learned during the 1 step process.

In reviewing the 1 steps, the most important step to emphasize if any degree of success is to be realized by an entity undergoing dramatic change is that of Step 10, communication.It must be clear in the minds of the leaders as well as the minds of the followers that change needed is in the best interests of all affected parties.That as an existing industry undergoes the challenging task of scrutinizing every aspect of how business is done, that the review is being done as part of a coordinated effort orchestrated to ensure the continued prosperity of the industry in the current market place.That as change happens each person affected will be empowered to affect the outcomes and will share in each of the successes along the way.That leaders recruited to help with the change process will support views when needed and will challenge views if not consistent with an agreed upon protocol.

Organizational Change in the Defense Industry

Denyne M. Kowalewski, LDR 510

University of Phoenix

InstructorTim Haake

May 7, 00

Organizational Change in the Defense Industry

This paper will attempt to lay out the framework that a Fortune 500 defense industry firm followed during a time of major organizational change.In undertaking the change, three models were drawn upon to lead the industry through the process.Each of the models provided tools that the industry ultimately utilized in carrying out organizational change.These models and highlights from each will be interwoven into this paper.

In the 10's, the defense industry was forced to shrink in size and budget due to collapse of the Soviet Union and relative peace throughout the world.These factors coupled with forced consolidation of companies that catered to this industry forced immediate review of all internal and external factors to ensure viability in an unstable environment.The difficulty faced by this industry is that nearly all impacting factors are external to the affected industry.

The three models contributing tools to the organizational change of the defense industry were• Kotter's (15) eight-step model for transforming organizations, • Jick's (11) ten-step approach leading an industry through change when already in the midst of the process, and • Gavin's (000) seven-step change acceleration process.The strength in availing use of the three separate models is that each model provided separate checklists and essential steps in moving towards a plan for change.

Extrapolated from the three models noted above was development of change in 1 individual step increments developed as a framework for the evolution of the forced change.The 1 identified steps were 1) The idea and its context; the starting point from which the change catapults, ) Define the change initiative; the forces prompting the change, external versus internal, ) Evaluate the climate for change; thorough analysis of the existing systems and structures that will be impacted by the changes, 4) Develop a change plan; includes specific goals, clear responsibilities for strategists, implementers and recipients, 5) Find and cultivate a sponsor; gain support and buy-in from influential leaders and targeted individuals and groups (companies) that will share in the success or failure of the change, 6) Prepare your target audience, the recipients of change; communicate routinely the impacts for the proposed changes to the recipients of the change, 7) Create the cultural fit making the change last; strategically initiate change that is congruent with established military mindsets organizational culture, 8) Develop and choose a change leader team; identify a strong respected leader who can inspire employees, embrace a vision and motivated by the challenge of change, ) Create small wins for motivation; short-term wins shared my employees is critical to implementation of long-term change, 10) Constantly and strategically communicate the change; COMMUICATE, COMMUNICATE, COMMUNICATE the commitment to the changes and all successes and challenges, 11) Measure progress of the change effort; make visual assessment tools that gauge the milestones and benchmarks of the organizational change plan, and 1) Integrate lessons learned; generate a set of lessons learned during the 1 step process.

In reviewing the 1 steps, the most important step to emphasize if any degree of success is to be realized by an entity undergoing dramatic change is that of Step 10, communication.It must be clear in the minds of the leaders as well as the minds of the followers that change needed is in the best interests of all affected parties.That as an existing industry undergoes the challenging task of scrutinizing every aspect of how business is done, that the review is being done as part of a coordinated effort orchestrated to ensure the continued prosperity of the industry in the current market place.That as change happens each person affected will be empowered to affect the outcomes and will share in each of the successes along the way.That leaders recruited to help with the change process will support views when needed and will challenge views if not consistent with an agreed upon protocol.

Please note that this sample paper on Organizational Change in the Defense Industry is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Organizational Change in the Defense Industry, we are here to assist you.Your cheap research paperson Organizational Change in the Defense Industry will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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School facilities

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Students on the NC State campus are not allowed to have access to the gym and music center facilities at peak hours of boredom during the weekend.During the week while the students are hurrying to and from classes, they are busy, hard working, and tired of the stress that comes along with balancing academics in college. When the weekend comes around, everyone should be allowed to have a way to vent his or her stress and do something productive and positive.With the closing of the gym and music center, students are limited when it comes to possibilities and options and therefore have nothing to look forward to. The weekend is just time without a cause and people suffer from this cause. In order for students to be more comfortable and have a better mindset about their schooling, there should be more incentives when it comes to entertainment on the weekends. In order for a change to be made, the focus should start with the three main classifications of people associated with the problem. They include students, workers, and employers. The students objective should be to speak out and be heard. No one has ever made a change by sitting quiet and unheard from. The workers should make themselves available on the weekends. A job cannot be run without people to run it. Finally, the employers should allow workers to earn a profit from working at such an inconvenient time. People that sacrifice their time should be awarded accordingly.

During the week, many people don't get a chance to spend time with their families because they are so busy at work. A supervisor from a Massachusetts gas plant said that, On the weekend, the only thing that I want to do is kick my feet up and relax. When an opportunity presents itself, most people don't think twice about what to do with it. When it comes to the weekends, most people will take advantage of them and direct their activities as far away from work as possible. On the weekend, many people would just like to home and maybe help their daughter complete a Barbie puzzle or maybe show their son how to throw a football.This tends to be the problem with the employers. Instead of slaving away in the hellhole that has prevented them from enjoying their families, they would rather sit back and relax with no business responsibilities at all. The last thing that they want to do is work on the weekends. Another problems tend to lie in the financial area. The school really doesn't have the funds to support the longer hours that the students want. Therefore they couldn't possibly afford to increase a raise if the earnings of its employees. Alena Hosch, a NCSU student, stated that the only way that she would work on the weekend is if she were getting paid more money than she already was.

For the employees, the reasons for not working differ. Age plays the role as the discriminate that separates the weekend work. A survey taken in 17 in showed that 87% of kids with jobs, that work full time, do not work on the weekends. (Jet Magazine) In the area of satisfaction where the employers just want to go home and settle down, the employees rather go out and hang with their friends and party. The reason being is due to the low amount of money that is received by the employees. They feel that they are being underpaid and they are not willing to sacrifice their freedom from paid and academic work when they feel that they can be doing better things. Some go to the parties with ambitions of meeting new people, getting telephone numbers, and even sweet-talking to the opposite sex; hoping to take something home and have a little pleasure. In order to forget their problems, others drink and smoke and end up only making their problems worse in the long run. Matthew Felton, an NCSU student, said, on the weekends, I love partying and dinking with my buddies. There is not nothing else to do and this campus is boring as all hell. However, with drinking comes problems that could lead to death or even a long sentence in jail. Still, there are those that don't wish to do what the others are doing but only want to utilize the facilities that the school has to offer. The facilities include the" Carmichael gymnasium" and the "Price music center". I myself would love to have the opportunity to sharpen my skills on the piano and build some more muscle.

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The students want to be allowed have access to the facilities because of their interests and lack of other options. When the weekend comes around, people look for fun. They have been attacking their schoolwork day by day and only wish to have an opportunity to entertain them selves. My father, Sam Bradley once told me that college was going to be the best year of my life. Right now, I really don't see that. The college campus alone does not provide enough entertainment to occupy the minds and wills of the kids on campus. Their minds vary in the way that they perceive ideas of fun. One student may want to move his bodyand another may want to read notes from a sonata from Beethoven. Everyone does not enjoy the late night parties with the guys and girls, rubbing all up on each other. Tiki Barber, a student at Chapel Hill, said that she hated parties. She stated that too many people tried to talk to her and that annoyed her.

Everyone also does not enjoy drinking and then suffering the side effects like walking around like you just had been punched in the head by Mike Tyson, only to wake up the next day with a migraine. Everyone also does not enjoy being blinded by smoke while its burns through your lungs and interferes with your normal behavior. Some people just like to do quiet subtle little things like press down the black and white keys of a piano while they bless the room with a tuneful melody. Some rather lay down on a bench with their teeth clenched while sweat pours into their eyes as they attempt to lift a bar of pure iron that weighs twice as much then their own weight.

Altogether, the possibilities of allowing longer usage of the facilities seems to lie within the participation of both, the student body and the school officials. If the officials come to acknowledge the benefits of the facilities, then maybe things could change. Many of the misfortunes that happen so often on college campuses are from students that were in the wrong place at the wrong time. There are several studies indicating that the crime rate for teenagers drinking on the weekends is at an all time high, reaching 47% for the late 0's. (Billboard Studies)

If the schools provided the students with more options, then they could be elsewhere and occupied with something positive that can only help them. The students must do their job and voice their opinions.If no one says anything then nothing will be done to satisfy the desires of the silent majority. You can't help some one if you don't know what the problem is. In the black, employee movement of 165, thousands of black workers stopped working and declared that they wanted to be treated as equals and they won the argument. (Spoken Voices) The act shows that if people want there to be a change, then they have to stand up for what they believe in and take affirmative action. As for the employers, they can still spend time with their families by appointing an employee to watch over the facilities in his absence. Then they can spend as much time as they want on the weekends without having to commit themselves directly. In return, the employers can earn a larger amount of money and provide the students with other places to go to entertain themselves. Andrea Johnson, a NCSU administrator, helped raise the pay rate of the staff by allowing more students to work on the weekends. Also, the employees can stop worrying about wasting their time and work with a cause that is worth while. The earning of extra money brings a smile to everyone's face. As for the students in favor of the longer hours, they can be awarded the option of fulfilling their ambitions. Wandering around futilely will lessen and maybe the some of the violence will decrease. This way, everyone can be happy doing what he or she actually wants to do.

History shows us that many people and groups have succeeded in winning arguments that they all believed in there was a level unfairness. There was the bus crisis in 167 One that allowed blacks to sit in the front as opposed to the back of the bus. There was also the courageous civil rights leaders that encourage their people to speak out and stand up for themselves In doing so they overcame a world wide case of racism. There was also the" Board of Education vs. Plessey " In which a young black girl fought for the rights go to school with white children. All in all, people must be heard in order to get leverage and for this reason, the students of NCSU must start now.

Please note that this sample paper on School facilities is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on School facilities, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on School facilities will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Subversion in "On Imagiation"

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Like many of her poetic counterparts, Phyllis Wheatley lived and wrote during an era where she did not have the privilege of providing information for her own people.At this time, very few African Americans have the intelligence to read their work, and an even smaller population of African Americans is wealthy enough to buy a copy of their work.

Consequently, Wheatley was forced to keep her true thoughts hidden because of the buyers and readers of her work.Due to her audience which consisted of wealthy and noteworthy White men, Wheatley was not given the opportunity to blatantly state her feelings on most subjects, especially slavery.

To the untrained and ignorant eye, Wheatley's poem "On Imagination," published in 1770, appears to be an elegantly worded expression of one's feelings on the power of simply opening the mind.However, upon further investigation, this piece of literature serves as a powerful message revealing her ideals on slavery.Throughout the poem, Phyllis Wheatley uses the technique of subversion to discuss her method of escaping slavery while still being held captive.Through her dialogue on the power of imagination, Wheatley conveys the idea that any African American can "escape slavery," if only for a minute period of time.In "On Imagination," Wheatley subversively states that even though slavery is a horrid institution that destroys the body, liberation is purely a state of mind.

In her poem "On Imagination," Phyllis Wheatley uses various forms of symbolism and purposeful diction to soften the blow of her true emotions.In the poem's opening stanza, Wheatley immediately subdues any questionable reactions that the reader might develop.She begins by empowering an inanimate object, "Thy various works, imperial queen, we see / How bright their forms! How deck'd with pomp by thee! / Thy wond'rous acts in beauteous order stand, / And all attest how potent is thine hand" (lines 1-4).Here, Wheatley gives Imagination the title of "imperial queen."In this statement, she writes Imagination into existence as a woman with undeniable power.Wheatley has already deadened the senses of her audience.She understands that the mindset of her audience will not recognize something that does not exist in the physical realm as something powerful, nor will they acknowledge a woman as having that type of power.Upon the opening of the poem, Wheatley has already subversively forced her audience to overlook the powerful message found in her work.

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This technique is again seen within the concluding lines of the first stanza.Similar to the aforementioned instance, Wheatley uses delicate diction to slip in her true emotions on slavery."Now here, now there, the roving Fancy flies, / Till some lov'd objects strikes her wand'ring eyes," (lines -10).In this instance, Wheatley gives again gives the audience a sense of security.By referencing the activity of a person being struck as punishment for disobedience, she has relaxed the senses of her readers, making them "feel at home."With her readers now relaxed, Wheatley immediately attacks."Whose silken fetters all the senses bind, / And soft captivity involves the mind" (lines -1).Here, Wheatley is able to speak on the unspeakable simply because of her choice of wording.She uses the phrases "silken fetters" and "soft captivity" to relay her accounts of slavery.

In using these descriptions, she has undoubtedly portrayed the institute of slavery as not being harsh or severe at all, deeming the experience to be a gentle bondage.Her discussion in this manner expresses her beliefs that slavery is escapable in the mental realm.Opposite to the ruthless quality of the physical aspects of slavery, she states that the mind is enslaved by a much weaker, "soft captivity."Consequently, this facet of slavery can be broken and beaten, giving a temporary liberation to the enslaved African American.

Another situation in which Wheatley uses flowery phrases to disguise a deeper ideal is found within the second stanza.The author takes the reader on a journey, flying through the sky with Imagination."We on thy pinions can surpass the wind, / And leave the rolling universe behind…There in one view we grasp the mighty whole, / Or with new worlds amaze th' unbounded soul" (lines 17-).Here, Wheatley equates Imagination with an eagle-like creature that knows no limitations.She states that while on the wings of Imagination, anything else is demoted from whatever position of power it has acquired, and it becomes a lesser creature, even the wind.In this same instance, Wheatley also deals with the ideal of freedom through symbolism.She associates the person that enjoys imagination, the individual that has the ability to mentally escape the hardships of slavery as the "unbounded soul."In this short phrase, Phyllis Wheatley speaks volumes; she says that the eternal component of the body has broken the shackles and has freed itself from

the bondage that plagues its counterparts.

In the third stanza of "On Imagination," Phyllis Wheatley uses seasonal imagery to convey her message.In this setting, she juxtaposes winter and springtime events.Wheatley says, "Though winter frowns to Fancy's raptured eyes, / The fields may flourish, and gay scenes arise…Fair Flora may resume her fragrant reign, / And with her flow'ry riches deck the plain" (lines -8).On the surface, the text says that the beauty of spring will not wilt in the face of the cold of winter.Concisely, it says that the cold of winter is weak in comparison to the willpower of spring.However, upon further investigation, many deeper ideals are revealed.One underlying message in this passage is that a pure heart will never fully succumb to a darkened heart, meaning that as long as the African American stays strong in the mind, he or she will never be defeated.The second underlying message says that pending death cannot kill the hopes and dreams of a people.In fact, in the midst of the expected death, unexpected magnificence can emerge.

In the final stanza, Phyllis Wheatley again uses flowery diction and symbolism to comment on the institution of slavery.As she says in the opening lines of the stanza, "Fancy might now her silken pinions try / To rise from earth and sweep th' expanse on high; / From Tithon's bed now might Aurora rise, / Her cheeks all glowing with celestial dies, / While a pure stream of light overflows the skies" (lines 40-45).Here, Wheatley discusses Greek mythology, including Tithon, a god, and Aurora, a goddess.This passage discusses Aurora acquiring a measure of power over Tithon, giving her the strength to remove herself from his bed, symbolizing that she is no longer the passive one in their relationship.In this stanza, the woman becomes a stronger being, obtaining a degree of power that was once absent.In the opening line of the poem, Imagination was given femininity.Therefore, this passage also displays the idea that Imagination's power of freeing the enslaved mind grows as each reader completes this poem;with every recitation of "On Imagination," more African Americans obtain a freedom within their own mind.

When great writers put their pen to paper, they write with a definite purpose.Nothing recorded in this poem was written in vain.The concept of achieving liberation in the mind is disguised extremely well.First, it is hidden in the manifestation of Imagination, a woman.Wheatley has stored an extremely powerful message in a stereotypically powerless vessel.The concept is later hidden in the skills of a seemingly oversized eagle-like bird.Again, Wheatley has placed a meaningful idea inside an empty, non-existent creature.Through both personifications, Wheatley has broken down the audience; she has removed any motive-based insecurities that her readers might have had regarding the content before reading the poem.

In "On Imagination," Phyllis Wheatley employs various techniques to say what she needs to say without actually saying it.Because of the times, she does not have the luxury of clearly putting her beliefs on paper without suffering consequences.Consequently, Wheatley must use a subversive voice in her writing to conceal her thoughts, especially the belief that liberation is a state of mind.If a statement like that was written verbatim in one of her poems, no one would ever have had the opportunity to read it.As simple as it appears, that statement, during the time period of the poem, has the power to have devastating effects on the institute of slavery.That statement gives the African American a method of escape, a way of attempting to ignore the physical suffering that exists.Having a slave with the mentality that he or she has any remote sense of power violates all of the beliefs of the White slave owner.

Please note that this sample paper on Subversion in "On Imagiation" is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Subversion in "On Imagiation", we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Subversion in "On Imagiation" will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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