King Lear

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Robertson Nicole Robertson 1

British Literature 1

7 August 00

A Great Tragedy

Cheap University Papers on King Lear

The good misunderstood and the evil accepted

Shakespeare's King Lear and Marlowe's Doctor Faustus is a detailed description of the consequences of one mans decisions that ends in a tragedy.Lear and Faustus decisions greatly alter their lives and the lives of those around them.These two stories are defined as tragedies because they meet the criteria of what a tragic hero stands for, i.e. a hero is larger than life, and both stories have a tragic fall caused by some error or moral weakness. It is not till the end of the plays that the honest people are recognized. The stories reveal a fatal error in judgement and a character flaw, which causes their downfall, suffering and enlightenment.

In the opening of Shakespeare's King Lear the first error in judgement is introduced in scene 1.1 lines 5-8, where Cordelia confesses her love for her father.

Good my lord, You have begot me, bred me, loved me;

I return those duties back as are right fit,

Obey you, love you, and most honor you.

Cordelia understands her position and accepts her duty without question.Lear ignores the fact that cordelia is pouring her heart out and confessing her unconditional love for him and in return he turns his back on her.Cordelia was prideful, and even a fool in her response, but I believe she was simply being honest and true. I believe this is the beginning of his downfall, which will lead him on a path of suffering.Lear made a monumental mistake when he handed over his kingship to his two evil daughters, Regan and Goneril.This is what eventually led him to his mental breakdown and the deaths of many individuals.If he had only choose to keep control over his kingdom or to give up control to someone trustworthy, then his suffering would have been reduced.Faustus much like Lear has made an error in judgement when he chooses to ignore the advice of the fictional Good and Bad Angels and the old man.The Angels represent

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the internal conflict that Faustus is dealing with to make his difficult decision to sell his soul to the devil.In SceneI line 5 Faustus says,

"O what a world of profit and delight,

of power, of honor, of omnipotence

Is promised to the studious artisan!"

Faustus is seduced by the lure of a power that he is not mortally meant to have.The good angel warns him, In scene I line 70

"O Faustus lay that damned book aside".

He heeds this advice and falls on the advice of the bad angel in scene I line74.

Go forward, Faustus, in that famous art,

wherein all nature's treasury is contained

Be thou on earth as Jove is in the sky,

Lord and commander of these elements.

Faustus desires this power that God did not intend him to have and following the advice of the bad angel is the beginning of his downfall.Faustus suffers in a different way than Lear did, he struggles with his own demons of choosing between the possible delights of heaven or eternal damnation.Later in the play the old man who urges him to listen to his advice, scene 1 line 6.

Ah Doctor Faustus that I might prevail

to guide thy steps unto the way of life.

The old man continues to attempt to persuade him to come under the mercy of God and be saved, but instead he is doomed for eternal damnation under the control of Lucifier and the Devil.Faustus and Lear overlook their valuable assets such as their family members, friends and the unforeseen angel.We all have someone looking out for us, I believe we choose not to listen to advice that is given to us that we don't want to hear.These plays teach us a valuable lesson, that all advice in one form or another may be for our own good.

A person's character is what an individual is made of and what we judge each and every person by.Lear posses a tragic character flaw of egotism.It is his egotism in the first scene that causes him to make

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his error in judgement, which in turn causes the division of his kingdom and the loss of Cordelia.Throughout the play, the consequences of his decision slowly destroy him. By abdicating his throne to fuel his ego, he is disrupting the great chain of being.Lear measures his personal wealth in terms of possessions.Lear is foolish and arrogant but he also is humble and compassionate.When Lear is forced to live in the elements by the maltreatment of his daughters, he experiences how the poor are treated and he becomes humanized.In the following scene .4 line Lear sympathizes with the poor,

Poor naked wretches, whereso'er you are,

That bide the pelting of this pitileess storm,

How shall your houseless heads and unfed sides,

Your looped and windowed raggedness, defend you,

From seasons such as these?

Lear shows he is more than and egomaniac and he also realizes his kingdom has forgotten about the common person.It is through these experiences that he discovers his wrongs and makes all attempts to mend them. Faustus portrays the same traits of egotism as Lear.This is obvious because Faustus is a well-educated man in the fields of law, medicine, and philosophy and yet he still hungers for a more powerful position in the universe.In scene I line 4

These metaphyics of magicians,

And necromantic books are heavenly!

Lines, Circles, schemes, letters, and characters!

Ay, these are those that Faustus most desires.

O what a world of profit and delight,

Of power, of honor, of omnipotence."

In this passage Faustus reveals his desire for the powers that will bring him knowledge, but most importantly, fortune and fame.Faustus is taking control of his life and his destiny, his appetite for power will bring upon his downfall.

It is not until the end of the plays that Lear and Faustus is enlightened.All the suffering and pain traces back to the one fatal error in judgement that Lear and Faustus made.Lear choose to give up his throne,

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this one decision has had massive repercussions upon Lear and the lives of those around him.Lear has suffered more than most in a lifetime, but I also believe he has brought this on himself.If only he was thinking from his heart and not with his ego all of this pain and suffering could have been avoided.Faustus as well made a fatal error in judgement to choose the Devil over God.Faustus experienced aroller coaster of emotions and had a tragical ending where he choose eternal damnation.Overall these plays were full of evil, betray and disloyalty.However, justice has been served and the lives of all the individuals involved will forever be changed.

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Abortion

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Abortion

A controversial issue, not only in the courts, but as well in my mind. Determining a

"personal platform," if you will, is quite difficult to do, so essentially the only thing that I have determined is that it is not necessary for me to have to choose. I also find it quite ignorant to ignore the opposing side. So, I believe that every person is allowed to formthere opinion or opinions, though they may even be conflicting, equally, one may also argue both sides.

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Many people believe that it is a question of morals, but I see beyond those simple ideals. Many people would also agree that it is not only a question right or wrong, but rather a more complex question of, "At what point does life begin?" Another question that people defending abortion would ask would be "Who has the right to your body?"

These type of open ended questions, with out any answer, just a defense in mind have no bearing in my eyes.

The question of "What point does life begin?" is a question that would be defensive in a mind other than mine, in that simply life does not grant itself rights. We do not give plants life, nor do we animals the we hunt, kill, and mount upon a wall. So why should we allow a fetus, an unborn child, a right? Well a reason may be that it has the potential to become a human being. Well potential is not good enough. It cannot state what it wants, it cannot much less think about what it feels. But then again, this unborn fetus could be the next Einstein, or a genius that will save the planet from extinction. It could, and we may only be robbing ourselves in the end, but if so, we'll have our regrets.

Next is the question of "Who has the right to your body?" This question is a still a ritorical question, but in a since, it has an answer. For if someone was to ask anybody that question, the obvious answer would be, "It is my body, therefore I own the right to my body." BUT, if you ask that same person, "Should a person be allowed to have an abortion?" There first answer just might change. If a person completely owns the right of there body, then they would have the right to choose, whether or not the baby is born. But a "Pro-life" person might say, "Well it's not really your place to answer another persons right." Arguing that the person pregnant does not have a say in the POTENTIAL living human. Bringing up the second question, and simply just making a dog chase it's tail.

An agreement between two groups may be, that when the fetus becomes a baby, and can support itself out side of the host, it shall not be terminated. The Pro-life side may still argue that the fetus is a living being, and should not be, as they would put it, murdered. But I believe this might just be the sanction between the two sides.

A woman may also have reasons for dismissing the unborn being. Perhaps birthing the baby may be detrimental to her heath, or perhaps the child is due to a raping of the women. Surely the women shouldn't have to birth the baby, or should she? Irony, ha ha, quite funny actually. The pro-life side wishes against abortion, therefore they are hypocritically arguing. A mother, may have a condition that possibly may kill her, if she does have a baby. What then? Do we still proceed with the birth? What type of Pro-life group/person would say yes to that answer, but then again, what type would say no? For you are still killing something/somebody.

A very strong argument from a Pro-life stand point would be to point out the different ways of birth-control other than an abortion. The easiest way birth control that is 100 percent accurate is not having sex at all -- abstinence. If one does not have sex, then I find it very difficult to see a way of accidentally becoming pregnant. Another method that is widely used, is by means of a condom, this method leaves a three percent margin for error (out of one hundred percent).

A way of abortion that has grown controversy a bit of a smaller extent then traditional ways of termination comes in the form a pill (Mifepristone or RU-486). Congress is looking at a bill that would put harsh restrictions on this pill. This drug has been studied for over ten years and has been approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) in September of 000 therefore stating it as a safe drug with proper usage. The proposed bill would restrict physicians that would be able to prescribe the drug to that of physicians that are trained to perform the abortion procedures. This pill only adds to the safe practice of abortion and this bill wants to take it away, again violating women's rights and potentially their health.

Another may construe my following comments as asinine things say, I will not hold back from stating them. The world is growing ever so rapidly, few nations have yet to realize this fact. I believe that if we continue to ignore the fact that we are running out of resources for the population growth, the economy will decline at the same rate of as our over population. One way to do this is by means of abortion. China has recognized this problem and are inforcing a law that mandates each family can only give birth to one child. One out of every 4 children born are Chinese. In less than 40 years the population of the world has more than doubled. If we continue at this rate, in another forty years the population 1 billion people. Every second, an average of 5 people are born andpeople die, a net gain ofpeople a second. Those are just some statistics that help out my reasoning, I see abortions becoming favored as the time passes, though we may not all agree, I feel it is what needs to be done. People may argue that it is quite and extreme thing to say, but eventually someone will have to say it, or we will essentially dig our own graves, and throw ourselves in there too. This is all based on my own reasoning, putting to play the fact that we hardly have enough energy/fossil fuels to power the population today, much less tomorrows.

Though many may view abortion as something that is unnecessarily cruel, and you have to uphold your responsibility. I feel that if it having the baby is a life or death situation, it is our responsibility as fellow humans to allow her to terminate the unborn being. Not only is it our responsibility in that situation, but I feel it is our responsibility to uphold the values of the America, and allow each person to make there own choice, as a right that our founding fathers have bestowed upon us, and still for what we fight for.

Reference

The National Abortion and Reproductive Rights League. NARAL. 4 Sepember 00 http//www.naral.org/index.html

Six Billion Human Beings 5 August 1. http//www.popexpo.net/english.html

Dworkin, Ronald. (14) Life's Dominion, An Argument about Abortion, Euthanasia, and Individual Freedom, New York Vintage Books.

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King Lear - Act 1

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KING LEARACT 1

The first act in King Lear is particularly significant in the play as it introduces the central characters, relationships and themes explored. Specifically, in Act 1, we are introduced to King Lear and his family, the Gloucester parallel plot, and themes of nature, appearance versus reality, love and power.

The opening scene is very important for establishing Lear's character and relationship with his daughters. In the very beginning, we find out from Kent and Gloucester's conversation that Lear has already divided the kingdom, and yet he continues to hold the 'love contest' between his three daughters. His actions portray Lear's materialistic values, great pride and love of flattery. Lear's foolishness is revealed when he accepts Gonerill and Regan's exaggerated declarations of love, yet rejects his youngest daughter's speech "I love your majesty according to my bond, no more nor less". By refusing to participate in the game, and instead speaking from the heart, Cordelia deeply hurts her father, and is banished. The king's judgement is clouded by his pride, and by banishing Cordelia; he shows his rash and impetuous nature. He also banishes Kent, his trustworthy friend, for attempting to help the king see clearly. Lear is blinded to the truth, that Cordelia's love, unlike her greedy sisters', is what it should be modest and genuine. Lear gives equal portions of his kingdom to the two eldest daughters and decides to take turns living with them. Lear's foolishness is seen here again; he expects to keep the status and luxuries of being king even after he has given away his kingdom. Lear is treated appallingly by his selfish daughter Gonerill and curses her for her treatment of him "Into her womb convey sterility, / Dry up in her the organs of increase." Lear, with the help of the wise Fool, comes to the realisation that giving away his power was foolish, and banishing Cordelia was even worse. The Fool holds up a mirror to Lear, allowing him to see the consequences of his actions. It is towards the end of the act that Lear admits, "I did her wrong". Lear is now full of hurt and regret and pleads to the gods "O let me not be mad, not mad, sweet heaven!" This line is a foreshadowing of what is to come of Lear.

The first act establishes Lear as a vulnerable and confused man who has suffered a great loss of power, and doesn't know his own children. It also hints at the possibility of the king losing his sanity in the future.

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The Gloucester parallel plot revolves around Gloucester, his legitimate son Edgar, and his illegitimate son Edmond. The first act introduces us to this family and develops the plot, so we can see how it relates to the Lear plot, and its importance in the play. In the first scene we are introduced to Gloucester's crude and inappropriate behaviour, as he talks about the 'making' of Edmond in front of Edmond himself, and Kent. Here, Edmond's true nature is hidden, as he speaks in a polite manner, despite the jokes being made about his conception. Scene , however, reveals Edmond's true intentions of planning to replace his brother Edgar as heir. His soliloquy at the beginning of this scene uncovers his deceptive and manipulative nature. He fakes a letter from Edgar in which he writes about his brother plotting to kill their father. Gloucester sees this letter and reacts rashly "O villain, villain… Abhorred villain, unnatural, detested, brutish villain…" Gloucester's reaction parallels that of Lear when he banishes Cordelia. Both men are impatient, impetuous and ignorant. They are blinded to their children's true intentions. Edmond's façade parallels that of Gonerill and Regan, when they speak in hyperbole about their everlasting love for Lear. Edgar, innocent and true, represents Cordelia.

This plot is very important in the play as it reinforces the meaning being conveyed by the Lear plot, therefore emphasizing and making more clear the messages of the play. The introduction of this plot in the first act helps the responder to see this.

There are several themes running through the play King Lear, and the first act introduces many of these. The themes are important instruments for contemporary responders to understand the time and society of the play, so that they might receive the messages Shakespeare weaves through this text, more easily.Nature is an important theme that is established in Act 1. It reflects upon the religion of the time of King Lear pre-Christian paganism, and also the Elizabethan view of the world the importance of natural order. Lear calls to the heavens and natural elements when cursing Gonerill and begging to remain sane. We can see the natural order of power being broken by Lear when he divides up his kingdom. This leads to the constant theme in this play of appearance versus reality, which relates to nature and the idea of what is natural. Lear is blind to reality and is taken up with appearances when he is tricked into believing that Gonerill and Regan love him dearly, when really it is Cordelia who does. Lear cannot distinguish between appearance and reality, whilst Cordelia, who is seen as patient, true and loving, sees right through her sisters.

The important question of what is natural and what is not is brought up by Edmond's actions in the first act. The reader is faced with the task of deciding whether Edmond's decision to replace Edgar, as heir is a natural reaction to being constantly labeled as a bastard by society, or an unnatural and evil plan. In this act, we learn that this theme will be an important one for the entire play. Love and its nature are also explored in Act 1. The love and lack of love can be seen in Lear and Gloucester's families. From the first act, we learn that love can be complex and deceitful, or on the other hand, simple and true. This act also conveys the complexity of family relationships. Lear does not understand the love of his children, nor does Gloucester. In reality, it is this misunderstanding that brings about Lear's loss of power. By giving away his kingdom, Lear disturbs the natural order of fathers ruling over their daughters, and is left with nothing. Gonerill, Regan and Edmond's new power causes unnatural events to occur. This act conveys the consequences of a loss of power disruption of harmony in families and in society.

King Lear's Act 1 is crucial for the text as a whole. Introducing the play's main characters, relationships and themes, gives the responder knowledge for the entire play. An understanding of the language, concerns and society of King Lear's time will thus develop and result in a deeper understanding of the text and the motivations behind its composition.

Please note that this sample paper on King Lear - Act 1 is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on King Lear - Act 1, we are here to assist you.Your cheap college paperson King Lear - Act 1 will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Questions for mans search for meaning

If you order your cheap term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Questions for mans search for meaning. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Questions for mans search for meaning paper right on time.

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1 A Capo is a prisoner who acted as trustees, having special privileges or well known prisoners. In the Concentration camp the prisoners were suffering, deaths, had little or nothing to eat.

Yes his book depicts objectives of prisoners of war because many prisoners of war were treated in the same way.

The three phases of inmate's mental reactions in camp life are The period following his admission; the period when he is well entrenched in camp routine; and the period following his release and liberation.

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4 The name of the camp Dr. Frankl is in is Auschwitz.

5 Delusion of reprieve is the condemned man immediately between his execution, gets the illusion that he might be reprieved at the very last moment.

6 The significance of the finger game is it was the method of the first selection, the first verdict mad on their existence or non-existence.

7 The phrase "Textbooks tell lies" means that the books were not truthful. For example somewhere in the textbook it said that "man can not exist without sleep for more than a stated number of hours". This was proven wrong by the men at the camp.

8 Dostoevski said that "yes a man can get used to anything, but don't ask how".

The thought of suicide was entertained by nearly everyone. It came from the hopelessness of the situation and the constant danger of death loomed with them all day, and the closeness of death suffered by many others.

10 The phrase "run into the wire" means that people would commit suicide by touching the electrically charged wire (most popular form of suicide).

11 He volunteered for medical duty containing Typhus patients because it was easier work and you could take the articles of clothing the dead had just after they died.

1 People wanted the middle rows because the back row people got the unpleasant and disliked jobs. Sometimes the senior Capo chose from the front therefore making the middle rows more sought-after.

1) Frankl told Otto if he doesn't get back home to his wife for him to tell her that he talked about her daily, hourly, he loved her more than anyone, and the short time he has been married to her outweighs everything that happened here.

14) Frankl learned from an old friend that the men who did not go to the rest camp went very hungry. Therefore cannibalism had broken out in the camp.

15) The camp inmate was afraid to make decisions because it was the result of a strong feeling that fate was one's master and that no one must not try to influence it in anyway but instead let it take its own course.

16) Frankl found many things in the hut. For example he found a rucksack a toothbrush and a body of a woman.

17) The second time Frankl and his friend planed for escape the international red cross in Geneva had arrived and the camp and its inmates were under his protection; therefore there was no need for escape.

18) Frankl later learned that the prisoners, who were persuaded to get into the trucks by the SS men to be exchanged for prisoners of war, were locked in huts and burned to death.

1)The one thing that can not be taken away from a human being is to choose ones attitude in any given set of circumstances.

0)What Dostoevski said ("there is only one thing that I dread not to be worthy of my sufferings") means that the last inner freedom can't be lost, a man may retain his human dignity even in a concentration camp.

1)The girl was cheerful in spite of the knowledge that she was going to die, because in her former life she was spoiled and didn't take spiritual accomplishments seriously.

)The most depressing influence on a camp inmate is that a prisoner couldn't know how ling his term of imprisonment would be. Provisional existence means provisional existence of unknown limit.

)If an inmate occupied himself with retrospective thoughts the danger could be that it became easy to overlook the opportunities to make something positive out of camp life.

4)A prisoner who lost faith in the future was doomed. The death rate between Christmas, 144 and New Years, 145 increased in camp beyond all previous experiences.

5)They prevented two would-be-suicides by getting them to realize that life was till expecting something from them; something in the future was expected of them.

6) Nictzche meant from her quote "That which does not kill me, makes me stronger" that what ever happens in camp will help you and make you stronger; so do not lose hope.

7) 500 men had to fast because some people broke into the store house to steal a couple pounds of potatoes. It was discovered and camp authorities ordered that the guilty man be given up to them or the whole camp would starve (fast) for a day.

8) At the ed of the war, the Hungarian Jews, hid the SS commander in the Bavarian Woods. The American forces were eager to capture this Ss commander and they would say where he was only if they promised that no harm would come to him. The American commander said he would not be harmed and would be taken into captivity to be safe from harm.

) A camp foreman secretly gave Frankl a piece of bread which he saved from his ration.

0) Theraces in this world are decent man and indecent man.

1) The last chapter in the psychology in a concentration camp is the psychology of the prisoner who has been released.

) The word Frankl and the other prisoners repeated to themselves when they saw the camp surroundings for the first time as free men was freedom.

) Depersonalization is what happened to liberated prisoners when everything appeared unreal, un likely, as in a dream and couldn't believe it was true.

4) The camp inmate lost the ability to distinguish between reality and his dreams.

5) When one of the prisoners was invited by a friendly farmer in the neighborhood he ate and ate, drank coffee; then he began to talk for hours about his experiences in camp.

6) If someone primitive was released from camp life suddenly he would not be able to escape the influences of brutality which had surrounded him in camp life.

7) The fundamental experiences that threatened to damage the character of the liberated prisoner were bitterness and delusionment.

8) A man might experience bitterness in his former home town.

) The experience of deliusionment is different from bitterness because there it was not one's fellow man but fate itself which seemed so cruel.

40) Woe to him who, when the day of his dream finally came, found it so different from what he had longed for.

41) For everyone of the liberated prisoners comes a day that he can no longer understand how he had endured it all.

Please note that this sample paper on Questions for mans search for meaning is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Questions for mans search for meaning, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paperson Questions for mans search for meaning will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Dance: Martha Graham, Robert Cohan and the introduction of contemporary movement to England in the 1960s

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"How was contemporary movement introduced to Britain in the 160's?

Who were the influences, works and companies that evolved from this movement?"

Contemporary movement was introduced to Britain in the 60's with respect to work that had been done in the United States by Martha Graham, working originally out ofa tiny Carnegie Hall studio in midtown Manhattan back in 16.

Martha Graham has often been compared to Constantin Stanislavsky (the "father" of contemporary theatre), and his work with the Art Theatre in Moscow. This is, in the main, because both were such revolutionary characters, and extremely passionate about their arts to the point of overwork and illness. Both were also uncompromising individuals who worked their students hard, but only because they were always prepared to go further. Martha Graham became a darling of "Time" magazine, the "face" of American dance, and was hailed as "one of the great new yorkersthe woman of the century", but who was this eponymous lady?

Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 184, the daughter of an "alienist" (psychologist) who specialised in movementan interest he passed on to his eldest daughter, along with the dictum "movement never lies", Miss Graham was not allowed to pursue her love of dance by her Father, and did not officially begin until after his death.

In 108, Martha'sfamily moved to Santa Barbara, California where she finished her secondary schooling. Martha went to aschool of dramatics for three years, and then in 116 began studying at Denishawn. During the seven years after this, she was a student, teacher, and eventually one of the companys best-known performers. She often worked as with Ted Shawn as his partner, and wasco-star of Xochtil, (Shawn's duet about an Indian girl and an Aztec Emperor.

1n 1, Martha Graham left Denishawn and joined the Greenwich Village Follies, where she won praise for her ballet. Over the next three years, she found herself drawn into the Greenwich Village art scene, and became interested in Eleanora Duse, the Moscow Art Theatre, and Max Reinhardt. She left the Follies in 15 to go independent. She worked as a teacher at the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, NY and the John Murray Anderson School in NYC during this period.

Her company debuted in 18. She used students from Eastman, and performed in New York City. The Denishawn repertory was very much apparent as an influence, Graham producing and demonstrating exotic solos and the students in a ballet ballad called The Flute Of Krishna. Graham wore a heavy gold kimono, making patterns with her body against a screen almost like a shadow-play in a picture house. It was considered highly sospisticated. Some said every gesture she made told many stories. Over her life, she would produce more than 180 such ballets.

Graham worked with Louis Horst, whom she knew from Denishawn. Horst had been the musical director and resident accompaniest there, he was also a major figure in the modern dance scene of the 0s to 40s andtaught her about musical form and encouraged her to work with contemporary composers rather than constructing dance to older, perhaps archaic eighteenth and nineteenth-century music, as had been previously done. In this way alone, Graham and Horst were revolutionary, but it didn't end there. Graham identified a method of breathing and impulse control she called contraction and release. This method of muscle control gave her dances and dancers a hard, angular look, one that was a shock todance audiences. People of the time were used to the smooth, lyrical bodily motions, and Graham was often accused of dancing in an ugly way.

Martha Graham visited the American Southwest in 11, where she became interested in making dances based on American history. In Primitive Mysteries, the choreographer combined her interest in the religious rites of American Indians with an exporation of other religious rites, including pagan and Catholic ceremonies. This was an unprecedented move, and saw Graham's style becoming truly unique, and very far away from the status quo, plus demonstrating important advances for Graham. First, the choreographic focus is firmly on the group of dancers rather than on the solo dancer, as she had previously directed, pointing to a big change in the way Graham was approaching the way dance is constructed (it's "architecture"). The story, or narrative of the dance is not presented literally, but uses movement to tell the tale.

Primitive Mysteries was Grahams first critical masterpiece, and was talked about by critics, artists and audiences around the world. The innovation demonstrated here was a Graham trait that continued to serve up to the day she died, still dancing, in 11.

Grahams American period was where she created the solo piece Frontier in 15 and Appalachian Spring, working witha sculptor, Isamu Noguchi and artist Aaron Copeland. Graham used a simple set designed by the sculptor to evoke the frontier landscape, and her new narrative take to express the determination and strength of the pioneer women.

Martha Graham was a big fan of strong, female, historical role models and used them as an inspiration for many of her works. She was diverse, and eager to find new stimulus for her pieces from any variety of sources.

Robert Cohanwas born in 15 in New York. He became artistic director of the London Contemporary Dance Theatre and supported contemporary dance in Britain. A student of Graham, since 146, he worked closely with Robin Howard, who wanted to get British dance less idealistic and predictable, and together they established the London School of Contemporary Dance in 167. Cohan passed on Graham's teachings, which he had studied for 10 years, and also adapted it to his style. Cohan was more interested in narrative and expression, telling a story, than the angular work, and contraction and release of Graham.

Cohan taught lots of today's revered dancers such as Siobahn Davies and Richard Alston, he always encouraged people to "push the envelope" with dance. It is the combination of these individuals that gives us what we see today in British dance, at, for instance Sadlers Wells.

Please note that this sample paper on Dance: Martha Graham, Robert Cohan and the introduction of contemporary movement to England in the 1960s is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Dance: Martha Graham, Robert Cohan and the introduction of contemporary movement to England in the 1960s, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Dance: Martha Graham, Robert Cohan and the introduction of contemporary movement to England in the 1960s will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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MRP under uncertainty: Safety Stock versus Safety Time

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on MRP under uncertainty: Safety Stock versus Safety Time. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality MRP under uncertainty: Safety Stock versus Safety Time paper right on time.

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Abstract

The following work proposes the development and application of a materials planning model for the industry of refrigerating drinks. The model is applied to dependent demand in which a Material Requirements Planning (MRP) method is used. The materials planning model is a combination of basic sources of uncertainty that affects MRP system demand and supply uncertainty. The appropriate values of key management parameters used to buffer against uncertainties, safety stock and safety time, are set according to the source of uncertainty. The model performance was tested for historic data and compared with real inventories levels.

1.Introduction

MRP has been proven effective for manufacturing planning and control, although managerial aspects can be improved to enhance the performance of MRP systems (X. Zhao et al., 15).

One of the main advantages of an MRP approach is that inventory systems with dependent demand should not required safety stock below the end-item level. Supposedly, safety stock is not needed because dependent demand systems found the demand directly from production plans once the master schedule has been establish. Practically, however, bottleneck process or one with varying scrap rates can cause shortages in downstream operations. Furthermore, shortages may occur if assumptions of constant replenishment lead time are made (Waters, 1). Random fluctuations in demand occur because of variations of fabrication or assembly times. Likewise, the replenishment lead time often varies due to machine breakdowns, material shortages, or transportation delays in the factory and distribution operations. The way of dealing with these sources of uncertainty in an MRP system is to identify all the activities or operations that are subject to variability and to determine the extend of that variability (Stevenson, 16).

It is well known that the performance of an MRP system depends on the adequacy of the master schedule. MRP system "nervousness" is commonly defined as minor changes in the master schedule or MRP plans for the higher level items (Vollmann, 17). Those changes can propagate downward through the product structure and produce significant changes in the planned order releases for lower level items. Changes can involve the quantity or timing of planned orders and can often cause disruptions in production, insufficient supply of raw materials, or components parts. The combination of the sources of uncertainty with the MRP system "nervousness" implies the use of buffering mechanisms to protect the manager's against uncertainties.

Safety stock and safety time are two basic ways to buffer uncertainty in a MRP system. The first method specifies a quantity of safety stock determined from statistical inventory control techniques. The second, plans order releases earlier than indicated by the requirements plan and schedules their receipt earlier than the required due date.

Whybark and Williams (176) developed a model to show the way in which MRP systems reveal preference for using either safety stock or safety time, depending on the category of uncertainty to be buffered. According to simulation experiments, when exists timing uncertainty the concept of safety time instead of safety stock is preferable. When quantity uncertainty is involved, higher service levels are achieved by use of safety stocks. However, Buzacott (14) concluded that safety time is preferable to safety stock when there is a good forecast of future requirements. He also said that, safety time tends to lose his attractiveness over safety stock if changes of requirements over the lead time occur. Finally, his work indicates that safety stock is preferable to safety time when the master schedule can predict with low effectiveness the future requirements.

In this paper we develop a model for a dependent demand system controlled by a MRP in which are uncertainty and instability effects.

Ballou, Ronald H.; Basic Business LogisticsTransportation, Materials, Management, Physical Distribuition. nd Edition, Prentice Hall. Carolina, 187.

Buzacott, J. A. e J. G.Shanthikumar (14); Safety Stock versus Safety Time in MRP Controlled Productions Systems; Management Science, 40(1), 1678-8

Chase, Richard B; Aquilano, Nicholas J.; Jacobs, F. Robert; Production and Operations Management. International Edition, McGraw-Hill,18.

Christopher, Martin.; Logistics and Supply Chain ManagementStrategies for Reducing Cost and Improving Service. nd Edition, Financial Times Prentice Hall. Carolina, 18.

Clode, David M. (1); A Survey of U.K. Manufacturing control over the past ten years; Production and Inventory Management Journal.

Gaither, Norman. Production and Operations Management. 5th Edition, The Dryden Press. Orlando, 1.

Greene, James H.; Production & Inventory Control Handbook; Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, 187.

Krajewski, Lee J. e Ritzman, Larry P. Operations ManagementStrategy and Analysis. rd Edition, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Massachusetts, 10.

Martinich, Joseph S.. Production and Operations ManagementAn Applied Modern Approach. 1st Edition, John Wiley & Sons. New York, 17.

Newman; William e Sridharan, V. (1); Manufacturing Planning and Control Is there a definitive answer?; Production and Inventory Management Journal.

Patrik, Jonsson; Mattsson, Stig-Arne; The selection and application of material planning methods, Forthcoming in the Production Planning & Control Journal, 000.

Paulino, Gualter; Desenvolvimento e Aplicação de um Modelo de Previsão à Indústria de Bebidas Refrigerantes; Tese de Mestrado, Lisboa, 00.

Plossl, George W.; Production and Inventory Control, Second Edition, Prentice-Hall, 185.

Reis, L. e Paulino, A.; Gestão de Stocks e Compras, Editora Internacional, Lisboa, 14.

Silver, Edward A.; Pyke, David F.; Peterson, Rein; Miltenburg, G. John.. Inventory Management and Production Planning and Scheduling, rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons. New York, 18.

Stock, James R. e Lambert, Douglas M.. Strategic Logistics Management. 4th Edition, Prentice Hall. New Jersey, 000.

Vollmann, Thomas E; Berry, William Lee; Whybark, David C.. Integrated Production and Inventory Management. 1st Edition, McGraw-Hill. New York, 1.

Waters, C. Donald. Inventory control and management. 1st Edition, John Wiley & Sons. Chichester, 1.

Whybark D.C. e Williams J.G. (176); Material Requirements Planning Under Uncertainty; Decision Sciences, Vol. 7, 55-606.

Yano, C. A. (187a); Setting Planned Lead times in Serial Production Systems with Tardiness Costs; Management Science, , 5-106

Please note that this sample paper on MRP under uncertainty: Safety Stock versus Safety Time is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on MRP under uncertainty: Safety Stock versus Safety Time, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on MRP under uncertainty: Safety Stock versus Safety Time will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Child abuse

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Child abuse is the intentional, unexplainable

infliction of physical, moral, and sexual pain and

suffering on a child. It is caused mainly by parents

Cheap University Papers on child abuse

who were maltreated as children themselves. Causes

also include stress, poverty, and/or unemployment.

There are many cases of abuse, but those such as Elisa

Izquierdo's stand out. Child abuse consists of

various different causes, types, and cases.

There are many causes for child abuse, but some

project over the rest. In some cases children are

mistreated when parents or caretakers have maladaptive

responses to stressful situations or feel powerless.

Searching for relief, they may hit someone with even

less power than them, and these are often children.

Other times it is the result of family problems over

which the abuser has no control. Alcohol was said to

be involved in fourteen percent of the cases of abuse

and in eighteen and a half percent of the cases of

neglect. "Religion, residence in the city or country,

region of the country, and race are all related to

violence in a home." Approximately eighty percent of

the child-abusers were themselves abused as children.

A high percentage of abusing parents feel that they

are legitimately exercising their parental right. The

parents injure their offspring hoping that the child

will change a manner or learn a lesson. They take the

idea of discipline to a brutal degree. In some cases

the parents are simply too young and/or immature to

take good care of their children. There is a higher

percentage rate of mistreatment in families with mixed

religion marriages. Very often it is a recollection

of small pressures that finally make a parent explode.

It is most likely that the abuser is employed only

part-time or is jobless. Retired men and women are

the least likely to harm a child. Most of the abusers

do not suffer any kind of psychiatric illness.

Because children with disabilities create more stress,

they are more likely to be abused. Physical violence

is more common in poor families, families living under

stress or parents who suffered cruelty as children.

Types of abuse also vary. The broad picture includes

only moral, physical and sexual abuse, while in the

narrower picture each of these has its own sub-topics.

The kind of abuse varies depending on the age of the

victim. Infant and pre-school children are more

likely to suffer fractures, burns and bruises. This

is called the "Battered child syndrome" discovered by

C. Henry Kempe. Although school aged or adolescent

females are more likely to suffer from sexual

molestation, there is a recently growing number of

sexual abuse of pre-school and male victims. The

abusers are usually men. Neglect is the "physical or

emotional harm resulting from parents failure to

provide child with adequate food, clothing, shelter,

medical care, education and/or moral training." A

symptom of neglect is underfeeding. The narrower

picture of types of abuse includes unreasonable

physical violence, verbal abuse, failure to provide

proper shelter, foodstuffs, medical treatment or

emotional support, incest, sexual molestation or rape,

and the making of child pornography. Slaps and

spankings are viewed by parents as a part of raising a

child, however childless individuals are more likely

to view slapping and spanking as necessary, normal,

and good. Slaps and spankings are or are not child

abuse depending on the person who views it. Types of

abuse vary incredibly.

There are many cases of abuse. In New York City

approximately two children are killed by abuse per

week. Specific cases include one of a twenty-eight

year old mother who killed her three year old adoptive

son of a fatal beating in Wyandach, Long Island. Also

one of a mother who punished her seven year old son by

placing him in a heated oven. There are thousands of

these cases, but one that really stands out is that of

Elisa Izquierdo. She was conceived in a homeless

shelter and was born in 18 addicted to crack. Elisa

was a favorite pupil at school, and loved by almost

everyone. As soon as she was born she was custody to

her father Gustavo Izquierdo. Gustavo was a wonderful

father until he died of cancer in 1. Elisa's

mother Awilda was a crack addict, whose addiction was

indirectly responsible for her pregnancy. In 10,

she had supposedly given up drugs, married Carlos

Lopez, and settled at a permanent address. Because of

this, Awilda was assigned un-supervised visitation

rights in 11. When Gustavo died, she immediately

filed for permanent custody. Awilda was backed up by

her lawyer from the Legal Aid Society, the City Child

Welfare Association (CWA), and project chance. She

was granted full custody. Carlos beat both Elisa and

Awilda, which helped Awilda go back to drugs. Elisa

began telling people that her mother had locked her in

a closet. The teachers an neighbors started

suspecting abuse when the saw Elisa bruised and having

trouble walking. The CWA was warned various times of

her abuse. The first was the very same day she was

born, February 11, 18. The second was a phone call

from the Montessori principal offering teachers

observation notes. Elisa's public school 6 reported

the matter directly to a deputy director of CWA's

Manhattan field division informing them of her

bruises. When project chance worker noticed it, he

called a caseworker whom never responded. Elisa often

had cuts and bruises on her vagina. "Awilda confessed

of killing Elisa by throwing her head against a

concrete wall. She had made Elisa eat her own feces

and mop the floor with her head. There was no part of

her body that was not cut or bruised." Because

mortuaries have rules for such situations regardless

of the circumstances, the custody of her body went to

her mother.

Child abuse is the intentional use of physical force

or intentional omission of care by a parent or

caretaker that causes a child to be hurt, maimed, or

killed. It is life-threatening violence. Types of

abuse include physical, emotional, and sexual. Causes

for this kind of violence vary greatly. There are many

cases of abuse all over the world. In the United

States there is an estimate of about one million cases

a year.

1

Murray A. Srauss, Richard J. Gelles, and

Suzanne K. Steinmetz. Behind Closed Doors Violence

in the American Family. New York Anchor Books/

Doubleday, 180. pg. 57

"Child Abuse," Microsoft (R) Encarta.

Copyright (C) 14 Microsoft Corporation. Copyright

(C) 14 Funk & Wagnalls Corporation. pg.

David Van Bienna. "Abandoned to her Fate."

Time International, December 11, 15, pg. 4

Please note that this sample paper on child abuse is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on child abuse, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom research paperson child abuse will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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