Blindness in King Lear and Oedipus Rex

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In Oedipus the King and King Lear, both main characters, as well as some minor characters, experience not only physical blindness, but mental blindness as well.King Lear, Gloucester, and Oedipus are "blind to the truth" in the beginning of the plays, and then experience some form of catharsis, the spiritual purging of emotions.In the end of the plays, all the blind characters gain the ability to "see".

In King Lear, Lear is mentally blind.Before he divides his kingdom, Lear asks his three daughters to profess their love for him, "Tell me, my daughters / …which of you shall we say doth love us most" (Shakespeare. I.1.5-56).This is one of Lear's downfalls, his overweening pride, or hubris, he wants to put on a show and have his daughters boost his ego in front of an audience.Lear's two oldest daughters, Goneril and Regan fill his head with false praises, pulling the blindfold over Lear's eyes; when Cordelia professes her love for him, "I cannot heave / My heart into my mouth. / I love your Majesty / According to my bond; no more nor less" (Shakespeare. I.1.101-10), Lear is oblivious that Cordelia's love is true and honest; he is blind.Lear disowns Cordelia, and when his friend, Kent, tries to convince Lear that he was wrong to disown his most caring and loving daughter, Lear, once again unable to see the truth, banishes Kent as well. Lear's physiological blindness is his ultimate downfall. Once Lear has realized his mistake in Act III, "Filial ingratitude! /…O Regan, Goneril! / Your old kind father, whose frank heart gave all!/ O, that way madness lies.Let me shun that; / No more of that" (Shakespeare. III. 4. 17-4), it is too late.When Lear realizes what his children have done to him, he removes his clothes, "Off, off, you lendings! / Come, unbutton here" (Shakespeare. III. 4. 115.), as well as the symbolic blindfold he has been wearing since Act I. Lear has now been divested to the essentials, he has experienced catharsis, and has finally realized his pitiful state.Lear has been blinded by his daughters, this realization has proved too much for him, and he goes insane.Lear, who begins the play mentally sightless, ends the play with the ability to see.

Another character who is blind to the truth is Gloucester.In the beginning of the play, Gloucester's younger illegitimate son, Edmund, plots against his older brother, Edgar, "Legitimate Edgar, I must have your land" (Shakespeare. I..17).Edmund convinces his father that Edgar is plotting to kill him, "It is a letter / from my brother… / The / contents, as in part I understand them, are to / blame" (Shakespeare. I..8-45.), however, the letter has been forged by Edmund.This is another instant in the play where a child is pulling the curtain over the parent's eyes, blinding them to the truth.In Act II, Edmund's plan works, and his now "blind" father turns against his "good" son and declares that Edgar shall be put to death.Gloucester then makes the mistake of confiding in Edmund, "the King my old master / must be relieved" (Shakespeare. III. . 18), thus revealing his plans to secretly help King Lear.Edmund, in soliloquy, reveals his plot to bring down his father, "this courtesy, forbid thee, shall the Duke / instantly know… / The younger rises when the old doth fall" (Shakespeare. III. . 1-5).This is an excellent example of dramatic irony, when Gloucester tells Edmund his plan to help the king, the reader can almost imagine the audience cringing and wanting to scream, "No, don't tell him that, he is against you!"However, because Gloucester has been blinded by his son, Edmund, he tells him his plans, and begins the downward spiral of defeat.In the next scene, when Gloucester sees Lear in his sad state, he reveals his own troubles, "I am almost mad myself.I had a son, / Now outlaw'd from my blood; he sought my life, / I loved him, friend" (Shakespeare. III. 4. 176-178).Gloucester is still wearing the metaphorical blindfold, and he thinks that Edgar was the child who plotted against him.In Act III, Scene 7, Gloucester experiences physical blindness as Regan, Goneril, and Cornwall, "Pluck out his poor old eyes" (Shakespeare. III. 7. 70).Gloucester calls for his son, Edmund to come to his rescue, when Regan tells him the truth, "Thou call'st on him that hates thee. It was he / That made the overture of thy treasons to us" (Shakespeare. III. 7. 108-10.).By becoming blind, Gloucester's blindfold is finally removed and he "sees" the truth, "O my follies!Then Edgar was abused" (Shakespeare. III. 7. 111).Gloucester begins the play mentally blind, and then after becoming physically blind, he ends the play, much like Lear, with the ability to "see".

In Oedipus the King, Oedipus is mentally blind.In the beginning of the play, Oedipus's vision is perfect, however he is blind to his past.When Oedipus is searching for the murderer of Laius, the person he is really searching for is himself.This dramatic irony adds to the theme of Oedipus being blind to the truth.Oedipus realizes he has to figure out who murdered the king, so he calls upon a blind prophet, Tiresias.Tiresias tells Oedipus, "You're blind to the corruption of your life /…Blind who now has eyes, beggar who now is rich, / he will grope his way toward foreign soil, / a stick tapping before him step by step" (Sophocles. 471-51).This is ironic that the prophet is blind, and even he is aware of Oedipus's blindness, while Oedipus remains sightless.Oedipus remains blind until the end of the play.It is then that he discovers his true past and that he is the murderer whom is seeks.In another bit of irony, Oedipus, who has been blind and so desperate to see the truth, "You, [shepherd], come over here -- / look at me.Answer all my questions" (Sophocles. 17-1), has now learned the truth, and wishes to be blind.He also purges his emotions (catharsis), and gouges out his eyes, "[Messenger narrating for Oedipus] You, you'll see no more the pain I suffered, all the pain I have caused!…Blind to the ones you longed to see…Blind in the darknessblind!"(Sophocles. 1406-1410).Through this play, the blindness motif holds, that a man who began the play mentally blind, became able to see, and then became physically blind.

In both King Lear and Oedipus the King, the characters begin the play mentally blind, either by arrogance or through the misjudgment of their children, and in most cases, become physically blind, after they have experienced the ultimate downfall.They are unaware that they are the "villain" or the "bad guy" who they seek.In King Lear, the characters are mentally blinded by their children.Goneril and Regan blind Oedipus into thinking that they are faithful to him and that they love him, and Edmund blinds Gloucester, and tells him that Edgar is plotting to kill him.The children in King Lear blind their parents in order to better themselves, and in both cases, the mental blinding goes unrecognized until the moment of catharsis; when Lear is standing in the storm, ripping off his clothes and losing touch with sanity, and when Gloucester's eyes are being gorged out.In Oedipus the King, Oedipus is blind to his past and to actions that he has committed, and he wants to learn the truth.Oedipus has blinded himself through arrogance, and it is not until the clues slap him in the face, that he realizes the truth.In his moment of catharsis, Oedipus gouges out his own eyes, and literally cleanses himself of the emotions and the "bad" blood that was harvested inside his body.

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Etiology and control of common scab on potatoes in South Africa

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Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the worlds fourth most important food crop after wheat (Triticum aestimum, L.), maize (Zea maize L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.), and provides a balanced source of starch, vitamins and minerals to many communities in the global village (Rowe, 1). Of all primary food crops, potatoes suffer the greatest losses due to disease (Agrios, 17). ). Of the various diseases, common scab is one of the oldest and was first recorded in South Africa by Pole Evans (106). Recent statistics indicate that 0.1 % of all seed potato tubers produced in South Africa are infected with common scab (http//www.potatoes.co.za). Between 16 and 001, the percentage of bags containing infected seed tubers averaged%, with a corresponding rejection or desertification of the seed. The disease also reduces the cosmetic value of ware potatoes and, with the growing consumer-demand for blemish-free produce, increasingly results in the downgrading of consignments on the ware market.

The etiology, epidemiology and control of common scab have been investigated extensively in many countries. However, as the disease has previously been regarded as of little economic significance in South Africa, it received only sporadic interest. Dippenaar (1) conducted a comprehensive environmental and control study of common scab, part of it in Wisconsin with a South African isolate of the pathogen. This was one of the first studies to show that scab can be reduced by increasing soil moisture during the early stages of tuber initiation, and also indicated an enhanced activity of bacteria in the moist soil. The study furthermore verified earlier results (Sanford, 16) that the scab organism and the disease are suppressed at pH lower than 5.0-5.5. Other relevant reports include those by Anonymous (175) confirming the existence of superficial, raised and deep-pitted lesions on common scab-infected tubers in South Africa, and Frean (175) indicating that common scab occurs locally in soils with a pH as low as 4.5. Slabbert et al. (14) reported that 45 % of 10 isolates of Streptomyces scabies from four of the 14 potato production areas in South Africa produced thaxtomin A, a phytotoxin commonly associated with pathogenicity of the common scab pathogen (King et al., 11).

Current research on common scab in South Africa focuses primarily on the screening of genotypes for resistance (Marais & Visser, 18; Nortje et al., 000) and recommendations accordingly. A seed certification scheme, which allows between 0 and 8 % infected tubers depending on the generation and class, is also in place (Republic of South Africa, 18). Chemicals that are presently registered in South Africa for the control of soilborne inoculum of the pathogen include chloropicrin, chloropicrin/ethylene dibromide and quintozene, whereas flusulfamide and mancozeb are registered for tuber treatment (Nel et al., 1).

Despite the above, various aspects related to common scab in South Africa remain unclear. For instance, although S. scabies is the main causal organism of the disease worldwide (Loria, 14), and has been shown to be prevalent in four of the 14 production areas in South Africa (Slabbert et al., 14), at least 1 other Streptomyces species are also associated with the disease (Lambert & Loria, 18; Faucher et al., 15), but no attempt has been made to determine if, and to what extent, any of them occur in the country. Also, the rotation crops recommended by Frean (175) for the control of common scab are not necessarily economically and agronomically feasible in rotation systems with potato, or suitable for the management of other pathogens and pests. Lastly, although the chemicals registered against common scab are effective, the cost of particularly soil applications is extremely high and control not always consistent (De Klerk & Engelbrecht, 16). Growing consumer-resistance to, and the negative environmental impact of, synthetic pesticides furthermore necessitate the consideration of alternative control strategies. The purpose of this study therefore was to (i) elucidate the identity of the common scab pathogen in selected potato production areas, (ii) identify rotation crops compatible with potato growing, and (iii) investigate the potential of biofumigation, i.e. rotation with glucosinolate-containing brassicaceous crops or incorporation of their residues into soil (Brown & Morra, 17), as an affordable and environmentally-acceptable alternative to agrochemicals for the control of common scab.

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REFERENCES

AGRIOS, G. N. 17. Plant pathology, 4th ed. Academic Press, San Diego.

ANONYMOUS 175. Knolafwykings Bakteriese siektes. Farming in South Africa G 10.

BROWN, P. D. & MORRA, M. J. 17. Control of soil-borne plant pests using glucosinolate-containing plants. Advances in Agronomy 61 167-1.

DE KLERK, A. D. K. & ENGELBRECHT S. 166. Kan bruinskurf in grond doeltreffend met chemiese middels beheer word. CHIPS Jan/Feb 6 4-6.

DIPPENAAR, B. J. 1. Environmental and control studies of the common scab disease of potatoes caused by Actinomyces Scabies (Thaxt.) Guss. Union of South Africa, Department of Agriculture Science Bulletin16 1-78.

FAUCHER, E., SAVARD, T. & BEAULIEU, C. 1. Characteristics of actinomycetes isolated from common scab lesions on potato tubers. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 14 17-0.

FREAN R. H. 175. Grow top potatoes. Top Farmers Publication, Durban.

KING, R. R., LAWRENCE, C. H. & CLARK, M. C. 11. Correlation of phytotoxin production with pathogenicity of Streptomyces scabies isolates from scab infected potato tubers. American Potato Journal 68 675-680.

LORIA, R. 14. Common and acid scab of potato Management, etiology and potential uses for the phytotoxins produced by Streptomyces species. pp. 14-154 In Advances in potato pest biology and management. G. W. Zehnder; M. L. Powelson, R. K. Jansson, & K. V. Raman (eds.). APS Press, St. Paul, MN.

MARAIS, L. & VISSER, A. F. 18. Progress with breeding for resistance of potatoes to common scab and future strategy. Potato Research Symposium Proceedings, Warmbaths, South Africa, 1416 October 18.

NORTJE, P., KLEINGELD C. & VISSER A. 000. Potato breeding, evaluation and commercialisation in South Africa and opportunities for Australia. Potatoes 000 Conference Proceedings, Adelaide, 1 July -August 000 1-5.

NEL, A., KRAUSE, M., RAMAUTAR, N. & VAN ZYL, K. 1. A guide for the control of plant diseases. Government Printer, Pretoria.

POLE EVANS, I. B. 106. Report of the Plant Pathologist in Report of the Transvaal Department of Agriculture, 1st July, 105 to 0th June, 106.

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA 18. Regulation Gazette No. 1880. Goverment Gazette, 15 May 18, 5 -7.

ROWE, R.C. 1. Potato health management a holistic approach pp. 154-156. In Potato Health Management R. C. Rowe (ed). APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota

SANFORD, G. B. 16. Some factors affecting the pathogenicity of Actinomyces scabies. Phytopathology 16 55-547.

SLABBERT R., DE KLERK, A. & PRETORIUS, E. 14. Isolation of the phytotoxin thaxtomin A associated with Streptomyces scabies (common scab) in potatoes. Journal of the South African Society for Horticultural Science 4 -4.

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Crisis PR Management at Shell Mauritius Limited (SML)

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This particular section will assess the role of Shell's PR practitioner as a crisis manager.In the first part, we will consider the perception of this aspect at SML, how it is dealt with and then we will use the Ps Prevention, Preparation and Provision as benchmarks for assessment purposes.

The Institute of Crisis Management (ICM) defines a crisis as a "significant business disruption, which stimulates extensive news media coverage." (http//www.crisisexperts.com)

At SML, though, depending on the level of risk involved and the probability of occurrence (i.e., time scale), two different appellations have been given to such probable calamities.In fact, the 'crisis management' and 'issue management' concepts used at SML are just different words which bear the same meaning as Jefkins' (18)kinds of possible crisis namely, 'unlikely' and 'likely' respectively.

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Thus, at SML, 'crisis management', as they understand it, is a rather broad and vague concept, which relates mainly to unlikely (but not impossible events).What they do cater for is the concept of 'issues management'.According to Mrs Teeroovengadum, this appellation describes more likely crisis, which have a high risk of occurrence.Hence, at Shell, they consider this concept as being more focussed.However, as Ashcroft (17) stated " Issues management is the latest American import, which, as yet, has rather a rather blurred division from crisis management.There are many similarities… an issue can develop into a major crisis".

Whatever be the appellation, SML, does consider these probabilities.As a matter of fact, at SML, they have a crisis plan as to how to deal with any crisis situation or any major issue that may crop up.This is fully supported by Ashcroft (17) who claimed that "an organisation's reputation is as important as any other corporate asset, and many organisations have some kind of crisis plan intended to protect that reputation should something go wrong."In addition, at SML, this plan is not rigid.Rather, it is reviewed each year to cater for unexpected changes.At SML, a crisis team has devised this particular crisis plan, which focuses more on issues management.The team comprises such people as the MD, the Brand and Communications Manager from the Department of Public Affairs and managers.Furthermore, all team members know specifically what their roles should be in such situations.In fact, each department has a plan, as to how to deal with a crisis situation, which is fully aligned and integrated with the overall crisis plan.

At SML, quite interestingly, not all cases related to the oil industry have direct repercussions for the Mauritius branch.For instance, major oil spills happening will not have so much impact on the local company, though publics may ask certain questions.Even, if a major international affair occurs in Mauritius, this becomes a Group issue, i.e., it concerns the whole of Shell Group and so, it is the Public relations practitioner at the international level, who tackles the problem.

Quite surprisingly, even the Iraq War is not a crisis, not even an issue, for SML.In fact, according to the Brands and Communication Manager, SML, is only a distributor of petrol in Mauritius.It is the government through the State Trading Corporation that imports this product, and so it is not an issue for the company.

Nevertheless examples of probable cases, as given by Mrs Teeroovengadum, that may affect SML are for instance, say, a Jet Al Lorry has an accident or there is the explosion of a gas cylinder while moving from depot to the airport.If ever, such likely issues are to occur in reality, well, SML is prepared to face the ordeal.In this connection, they have set down plans on how people should deal with it, i.e., who to contact and what to do.

Before the assessment part, let us consider one latest case considered under the issues management concept, rather than as a crisis management situationthe Leaded/Unleaded petrol issue.

The Leaded/Unleaded Petrol Issue

Regarding this issue, by virtue of its sense of social responsibility, there was a deliberate attempt on the part of SML, to launch a sensitisation campaign to inform its stakeholders, and this was done in collaboration with other oil companies and the Ministry Of Environment.In this connection, brochures (See Appendix…) were published on ' Frequently Asked Questions'.Also, to cater for other publics that might have missed the information campaign, they decided to train gas stations' managers and pump attendants to respond to queries from clients.In this context, workshops were organised by Mr Gino Finette, Training & Marketing Manager and the main aim was to make the managers and attendants "ULG" Champions"(See ULG Champion Assessment).

Assessment Of The PR practitioner role as Crisis or Issue Manager

Based on what has been discussed, we can see that the Ps of crisis management namely Prevention, Preparation and Provision can be applied, to a certain extent to SML.

Prevention

The prevention procedure should be based on trying to anticipate what could go wrong.This is in line with the classic crisis management-adopting a "better safe than sorry" policy.Also, "…the thinking is to avert, rather than deal with, disaster by looking for issues that might arise over a set periodan issue audit."(Ashcroft, 17).The two lists under the appellations of crisis management (more unlikely issues) and issues management (likely cases) devised at SML, caters for this prevention aspect.

Preparation

As far as preparing for crisis is concerned, seconding Jefkins (18) idea, we would say that "it is essential that any organisation should set up a permanent crisis management team."Like the typical crisis management team of Jefkins (18), SML basic crisis committee does comprise the MD, the Brands and Communications Manager from the Department of Public Affairs and other departmental managers.What is a shortcoming here is perhaps, the fact that there is no regular contact by meetings or correspondence to enable review and update of the crisis plan.At SML, the latter is reviewed only once per year.For more effectiveness and efficiency, this exercise should be done more frequently.

Provision

Besides, more emphasis should be laid on communication among team members so as to be consistent and agreeable on what and how to divulge to the media, hence improving even on the 'provision' stage of crisis management.The latter seems to be a real pitfall at SML and this should be counteracted since "communicating effectively was now more often seen as of the same importance as putting problems right."(IPR Journal, 15, p.14).It should never be forgotten that "effective management of information at a time of crisis is even more vital, when damage to an organisation's reputation or damage to established goodwill can result in severe damage to operations." (Ashcroft, 17)

Bibliography for this part

Ashcroft L.S., 17, Crisis Management- public relations, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Volume 1 Number 5, pp. 5-, Liverpool Business School, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.

IPR Journal IPR Journal, 15, p.14

Jefkins F., 18, Public relations, 5th edn., M&E Pitman Publishing, London

http//www.emerald-lib.com

http//www.crisisexperts.com

http//www.prmanagement.com

http//www.crisiscounselor.com

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Diversity

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Biological Diversity in a Section of Cameron Park

Through assessing a 5 by 5 meter plot of land in Cameron Park, an urban ecosystem, I obtained a better understanding of the natural stresses present in an environment and the resulting biological diversity that is affected by these stresses.My plot of land was located on a slope of medium steepness leading down to a small creek towards the Northwest and a path to the Northeast.The aspect of this plot was 0 degrees northwest.The soil was rich, noted by its dark and damp appearance and texture.The soil was deep as well, which allowed for plants with extensive roots to grow in that particular area.Dead leaves and moss-covered logs blanketed the soil, most likely contributing to its rich texture.Most of the greenery in this plot was low to the ground with several accompanying taller trees.There weretrees that reached about 45 feet tall, but the rest of the landscape was covered with younger, smaller trees, shrubs, and floor greenery.

After taking note of these characteristics I was able to propose my hypothesis The biodiversity of my real estate is high because the soil appears to be rich and moist, the slope is not extremely steep which would promote erosion, and the presence of decaying plant parts suggests that the soil will continue to be fertile.Furthermore, the ground and plants seemed fairly undisturbed, which would allow for a greater survival rate from more plant varieties.These factors, as well as others, do have an influence on the diversity of this plot.The slope is not extremely steep, but it most likely does pose a problem for new, small shrubs whose roots do not hold them into the ground.When it rains, some of these smaller, younger plants have a chance of being washed into the creek below.Another factor to consider is that the tall trees provide shade for the smaller plants.This may hinder or improve the plants' growth, depending on each plants preferred environment.I also noticed that most of the plant leaves were eaten away by insects.Almost all of the leaves contained several holes.There has obviously been a bug infestation within this area which probably affects the survival rate of young plants.This factor is important to take into account when assessing the ecosystem of this area.Since this park is an urban area, it probably is affected by man-made factors as well, such as pollution.I did find a glass bottle in the brush on my plot, so there was evidently human contact at some time in this area or surrounding areas.

The predominant plant inhabitants of this site consisted of shrubbery and low greenery but there were several young trees and vines along withlarger trees as mentioned before.I was able to identifyCarolina Snailseed (Cocculus carolinus) among the greenery, along with 1 Chinese Privet (Ligustrum lucidum), and 1 small tree, which I was unable to identify, characterized by smooth bark and light green pointed leaves.There were also 4 cedar elm (Ulmus crassifolia),of which were the largest trees on the plot.I noted the presence of two Texas White Ash (Fraxinus texensis).I found that there were several plants in this area, but few appeared to be the same species.As for animals, I saw two brown moths,black ants, a white spiral snail, a large black bumble bee, and three beetles each of a different color.Just as with the plants, there were several varieties of insects present, but few were from the same species.

Custom Essays on Diversity

Once I plotted the data I obtained regarding the different plants and animals in existence on this plot, I calculated the Simpson's Diversity index.The total number of living species, both plants and animals, present in this plot was 0, 1 of which were different species.Using the following equation and the numbers as stated on my Plot Data sheet, I found the Simpson's Diversity index to be 0.68.

Ds = 1.0[total column D / (total column B x (total column B-1.0))]

Ds = 1.0[4 / (0 x (1))] = 1- (4/80) = .68

The closer this Simpson's Diversity index is to 1, the more diverse the area is.My index, 0.68, is close to 1.0 and therefore suggests that there is a large biodiversity in that specific area.Due to this index value, I know that this area contains a variety of plants and animals and can be considered a fairly natural and organized environment.The ecology is fairly extensive in this particular area.Furthermore, this diversity index indicates that the external stresses affecting this ecosystem are limited.The medium-steep slope is obviously not so extreme as to result in serious erosion.Exposure to natural stresses, including exposure to sun, wind, and rain, are evidently at beneficial levels.If the slope was steeper, this 5 by 5 meter ecosystem may have been exposed to too much run-off water.However, the land in this area of Cameron Park slopes in several directions, preventing the run-off water from flushing away the organisms of a particular plot.My plot could have also been damaged by being overly exposed to the sun had its slope been facing directly East or West instead of Northwest.Obviously, there are many natural resources affecting the ecosystem, such as those mentioned above as well as the decaying material on the ground responsible for improving the quality of the soil.These natural resources are the reason for a high diversity index in this area.Without them, the ecosystem would fall apart and the biodiversity would fall.Only certain organisms would be able to survive in a different environment.Using counting techniques and the Simpson's Diversity Index in Ecology allows for a standard to be used in comparisons.Describing an ecosystem using numbers makes the information more understandable to other people.Otherwise, the biodiversity of an ecosystem would appear to be an opinion rather than a standardized measurement.

This Simpson's Diversity index value proves my hypothesis to be correct; there is a high biodiversity in my real estate.When making my initial hypothesis I was influenced by the general appearance of the ecosystem; it was fairly well covered in greenery and other forms of life, but few of the organisms looked the same.I was also influenced by the soil's rich appearance.I thought that since the soil was deep and dark brown, it could provide nutrition and stability for a variety of plants.

Although the ecological system in this plot seems to be thriving, external stresses continue to exist and influence the environment.The diversity I calculated is close to 1.0, but it could be even more diverse.External stresses are the reason for this plot not reaching its potential diversity.First of all, natural disturbances act as a natural selection agent.Plants that need more sun than this plot is provided with, due to its aspect and location, will not survive here.Some plants may need less water than they would receive here and would therefore die.Plants and animals that cannot naturally survive in this environment are "weeded out" by natural stresses.Man-made stresses, however, result in a different type of destruction.Since this plot is part of an urban park, the ecosystem is susceptible to pollution, trash, and human contact.All of these factors may result in the killing off of organisms that would have naturally survived had there been no man-made disturbances.These too result in the lowering of the plot's biodiversity.

Through ecology, I have attained a better understanding of the effects external stresses can have on an ecosystem.Both nature and man provide stresses on an environment, therefore determining its diversity.Overall, my particular plot was quite diverse.Hopefully future man-made disturbances do not change this, but as I have learned from this lab, man's stresses have a great influence on environment and will continue to impose changes upon ecosystems.

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Examine the relevance of interpersonal skills to the manager working in an arts environment and offer some suggestions as to how you might improve your own skills in two specific areas.

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Examine the relevance of interpersonal skills to the manager working in an arts environment and offer some suggestions as to how you might improve your own skills in two specific areas.. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Examine the relevance of interpersonal skills to the manager working in an arts environment and offer some suggestions as to how you might improve your own skills in two specific areas. paper right on time.

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In any organisation or management environment there will always be people who are not happy. Sometimes this is due to poor management from sub-standard 'people handling' skills.

The stereotypical view of a manager and his/her job is to

•plan

•organise

•co-ordinate

•control

This is true but there is more to it than that. Henry Mintzberg suggests that a manager has about ten roles to take on in his/her job. The first three roles are interpersonal roles, as a figurehead, a leader who is responsible for all the work of the people in their unit, and the liaison who makes contact outside of the chain, whether it is to a manager above or another organisation. The second three roles that a manager takes on are informational roles, where the manager is a monitor by keeping tabs on everything in the unit by being able to have access to every staff member in it, a disseminator who can pass on information to subordinates, and as a spokesperson. Finally the manager has a decisional role where he/she is an entrepreneur, seeking to constantly improve the unit, a disturbance handler, a negotiator and a resource allocater.

Formal authority

and status

Interpersonal InformationalDecisional

rolesrolesroles

FigureheadMonitorEntrepreneur

LeaderDisseminatorDisturbance Handler

LiaisonSpokespersonResource Allocator

Negotiator

'If any role is removed this affects the effectiveness of the manager's overall performance'

Laurie J. Mullins (00) Management and Organisational Behaviour. Prentice Hall

What makes a good manager?

One must be aware of the idea of behavioral science which include the three main disciplines - psychology, sociology, anthropology. By doing this one can structure the organisation in order to secure an optimum working environment. Psychology aims at looking at ones 'personality system' including perception, attitudes and motives. Sociology looks at the social behaviour and relationships among different groups and societies. Anthropology looks more at the study of human behaviour overall taking into consideration the cultural system, beliefs, ideas and customs.

By taking behavioural science into consideration one can start to have an understanding of human nature. This is needed in order to have an understanding of interpersonal skills.

Interpersonal skills are used in everday life. It is 'the sending and receiving of symbols with meaning attached to them'. It involves 'transactions among two or more people who interact in such a way that each has influence on the others way of thinking and behaving'. Personality and interpersonal perception will affect how one communicates.

Person A speaks,

moves, gestures,

etc.Person B interprets

A's speech,

movement and

gestures in order to

understand A's

motives, emotions,

assumptions,

A responds inattitudes, intentionsB responds in

speech,abilities.speech,

movement,movement,

gesture, etc.gesture, etc.

A interprets B's

speech, movement

and gestures in

order to understand

B's motives,

emotions,

assumptions,

attitudes, intentions,

abilities.

Cycle of perception and behaviour

Guidham M (15) Interpersonal Skills at Work. Prentice Hall

A manager, especially in the arts environment, where people can be difficult to deal with, requires an understanding of perception in order to help judge the behaviour and intentions of his/her sub-ordinates and superiors. In the arts environment team work is essential for success, however there are bound to be conflicts especially where egos and personalities are larger than life. An awareness then of transactional analysis is very beneficial, helping to explain the dynamics of interpersonal communication. It looks at personality and how it is made up of three ego states which can be seen in gesture, action and tone of voice. Eric Berne labeled the three ego states as the child ego state, the adult ego state and the parent ego state. In the majority of work situations adult to adult transactions are most likely to happen but in the arts environment where people can be sensitive, arrogant or flamboyant often transactions can be interpreted differently maybe as a parent-child transaction. As Laurie J. Mullins says "transactional analysis can help to improve communication skills by interpreting a person's ego state and which form of state is likely to produce the most appropriate response."

Selection and attention also needs to be looked at. What information do we select to take in and why?

Management Self-Development

So far I have not had many opportunities in managing other people. However, I have had plenty of experience in managing myself, at school, outside of school and at university as well as having the support, throughout, of managers. My interpersonal skills are fairly good face to face but in other areas such as through written skills and presentation skills, my communication flounders. In communicating I'd say I had an assertive style which in the arts environment is extremely useful. I am an effective, active listener, I don't make judgments but I do state my observations as well as expressing myself directly and honestly. Improving my communication skills in writing and presentation takes practice and time; however I could aim to try and use other forms of communication such as email and memos.

The other skill that I have to improve is time management. This is an essential part of being a manager especially as one of the most important tasks as a manager is to manage one's own time. As Drucker says

Time is the limiting factor for effective executives. Time is a unique resource - you cannot rent, hire, buy or otherwise obtain more time. The supply of time is totally inelastic; time is totally irreplaceable and everything requires time.

Drucker, P. F. (188) The Effective Executive. Heinemann Professional

In order to improve this skill I need to be aware of the essential requirements of good time management which are to have clear objectives, careful forward planning, define what is a priority and take action and finally be able to delegate successfully.

Bibliography

Derek S. Pugh and David J. Hickson (16) Writers on Organisations. Penguin Books

Laurie J. Mullins (00) Management and Organisational Behaviour. Prentice Hall

Guidham M (15) Interpersonal Skills at Work. Prentice Hall

Drucker, P. F. (18) The practice of Management. Heinemann Professional

Drucker, P. F. (188) The Effective Executive. Heinemann Professional

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What is Educated

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What does it mean to be educated? Does being educated confide solely to the development of knowledge or skill by formal schooling? I don't believe school is the sole basis of an education. I believe a person is educated throughout their life. A person is educated by their parents or guardians throughout life on what is "right " or "proper" according to their culture, peers, media, and surroundings. A person can be educated through life experiences, formal schooling, or by trade. A person does not become and educated person simply by attending formal schooling. A person becomes and educated person by learning to think. One who has the ability to say "yes" or "no" on the basis of logical thought is an educated person.

An education is learned throughout life. Many disciplines bestow an education on a person. Life experiences is one such discipline that can bestow and education on a person. Through these life experiences a person can learn many important lessons about life and daily living that is not taught in books. As a mother, father, or guardian we are also educators to our children. An education starts in our very own homes. We teach our children love, respect, honesty, as well as their first word and their first step. We bring them to a whole new journey in life when we enroll them into formal schooling. Where the focus is on reading, writing, arithmetic, and history. But, just as important in formal schooling our children are also learning to interact with their peers and fit into society, a very important life lesson. These life lessons, these experiences, we go through are not taught in the books we read and they provide us with confidence, knowledge, and motivation to succeed in life. For example, I came to the conclusion of being a kinesiology major only after undergoing two knee surgeries due to sport injuries and having to endure months of physical therapy. It was only from this life experience that I found my interest in the human body and how it works. It was this life experience that brought me more knowledge of the field of study know as kinesiology, which is the study of human motion. It was this life experience that gave me more knowledge of my own body.

A person can also be considered an educated person by attending formal schooling or a trade school. A person may be considered educated after earning a baccalaureate, masters or doctorate degree. Education from school is one learned from others. Part of being educated is a respect for other's knowledge and competence. From the teachers, who can be our greatest inspirations, sharing their knowledge of a subject with us. From the many pieces of literature we read to broaden our vocabulary. From the countless hours of research we do to find our truths in life. Education through school is more than just memorization to get through each class taken. Education through school is to gain and retain knowledge of a subject and to be able to make better choices in life. Education through formal schooling is to share your knowledge with others to help each to find their own truths in life. Education through formal schooling is to read and write about experiences and explorations. It is about learning from history and studying science and arithmetic to research theories and find your own truths. This type of education can also be gained through trade. To learn from a person who is experienced with immense knowledge of a specific subject. For example, a person going to be a carpenter who enrolls in an apprenticeship program after high school to learn the craft of carpentry from and experienced carpenter is such an example of learning through trade. This person learns carpentry not just from reading and experiencing for themselves but also from the knowledge given to them from a more experienced master carpenter. For the experienced carpenter to inspire the student to be competent.

Education from formal schooling has become more important as it becomes more common for students to go on to college after graduation from high school. A strong education is now more important to give us a larger selection of careers to choose from and a better chance at being hired for our career of choice.

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So who decides what it means to be educated? Our environment decides what is means to be educated. Look at your surroundings. The life style we have grown in the culture that surrounds us teaches us as we grow what is "right" and "wrong" what is accepted as success and what is failure. Our surroundings are a part of our education, what we surround ourselves with can determine what life experiences we may have what encounters we can learn from and ultimately the person we become. Our peers and the media also play a factor on determining what we consider to be an educated person. Far too often we look at the media and find our answers; we conform to the ideas of others. The magazines and television shows tell us how to dress, how to wear our hair and what figure our bodies should look like. The media is even telling us what we should or should not eat. The media tells us what food is good for us. It tells us what fast food restaurant we should buy from in order to get the most food for our money. But, ultimately we determine our own destiny. We determine our "success" and "failures" in life. We decide weather or not to be and educated person. If a lower class woman goes to college or completes and apprenticeship program and is hired in a career where she is able to make more money than most in her environment and is no longer considered a lower class woman but a middle class woman, she would be considered an educated woman who succeeded in life.But why? Because she chose to go to formal schooling? No, because she chose her destiny, her successes and failures. She chose to go to formal schooling to earn a diploma, in order to experience life, to explore and find her own truths and think for herself.

Why do we find it so important that our children be well educated? I believe we all think of ourselves first until becoming parents and then our children become first. We sacrifice things for ourselves to give more to our children. We want our children to succeed in life. We want our children to be happy. We see education as success. We find education bringing us more choices, more prestige, more power, and more confidence in life. Education will give our children the knowledge to make choices in life to follow a path to success. Education could bring our children to find love and happiness in life, to give our children luxuries in life that we did not have. We want our children to be unique, to be themselves, to think on their own and not to be led. To have the ability to gather information in their surroundings and to understand the meaning of what is happening. In summary we want our children to have the ability and knowledge, the tools, to choose the appropriate pathway in life.

I believe it is important to be an educated person. Education bestows a person many opportunities in life. I believe all people are capable of becoming educated. I also believe a person is educated throughout life. There are many ways, many disciplines, which bestow an education on a person. I believe a person's success and failures are determined only by that person. That each individual has the power to control their destiny. I believe that a person becomes educated by welcoming the opportunity to increase their knowledge. I believe that a person becomes educated by having the desire to learn and to think for themselves and not conforming to others. To be educated you must be willing to explore and experience life to find your own truths, to have the ability to think for yourself.

Please note that this sample paper on What is Educated is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on What is Educated, we are here to assist you.Your persuasive essay on What is Educated will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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I want to become a nurse

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on I want to become a nurse. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality I want to become a nurse paper right on time.

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Nurses have a huge impact and can make significant differences in the delivery of America's health system.Educating the community of the functions of nursing, asrequiring a balance of complex skills, including an accurate understanding of science and technology, customer service, critical thinking, advocacy, decision-making, managing, communicating and creative problems-solving, is paramount to its healthy survival. Opportunities in nursing are ever increasing within the areas of clinical practice, research, education, management and business.No other profession has the ability to branch off into various pathways and still remain true to the nursing philosophical mantra of making a difference in health care and improving the lives of others.Nurses have a huge impact and can make significant differences in the delivery of America's health system.Educating the community of the functions of nursing, asrequiring a balance of complex skills, including an accurate understanding of science and technology, customer service, critical thinking, advocacy, decision-making, managing, communicating and creative problems-solving, is paramount to its healthy survival. Opportunities in nursing are ever increasing within the areas of clinical practice, research, education, management and business.No other profession has the ability to branch off into various pathways and still remain true to the nursing philosophical mantra of making a difference in health care and improving the lives of others.

Nurses have a huge impact and can make significant differences in the delivery of America's health system.Educating the community of the functions of nursing, asrequiring a balance of complex skills, including an accurate understanding of science and technology, customer service, critical thinking, advocacy, decision-making, managing, communicating and creative problems-solving, is paramount to its healthy survival. Opportunities in nursing are ever increasing within the areas of clinical practice, research, education, management and business.No other profession has the ability to branch off into various pathways and still remain true to the nursing philosophical mantra of making a difference in health care and improving the lives of others.Why I want to become a nurse

I have spent the last several years earning a Bachelor Degree in Food Science and Technology and a Master Degree in Computer Information System.

One of the unique thins about nursing is that there is no one careers path. Once I receive my RN license, many career pathways are open. I do not need to be worried about job security in the nursing career. Furthermone; nurses can also move among many different specialty areas by learning new content and skills at various points in their careers. My ultimate goal of nursing is to become a nurse anesthetist. I plan my future education by persuing my Bachelor Degree of Nursing and latermy Master Degree of Nurse Anesthesia.

Help with essay on I want to become a nurse

-Coming to many hours of study and concentration demonstrates my willingness to learn and participate in the various roles and responsibilities of a nurse

-I look forward to working with nursing and health teams while fulfilling my roles functions, and responsibilities.

-I am a compassionate, caring person and I work effectively with ohters; possessing tact, judgement, and diplomacy. I perform effectively in stressful situations. I am dependable, as reflected in my work and school attendance records.

-I have excellent health and personal gygiene.

-I dress neat, clean and professional. I have listed some my qualities and characteristics which I can demonstrate on becoming a nurse.

·Depenabilitybeing at work on time and when scheduled.

·Considering the parints needs first at all times.

·Treating patints and families with respect and kindness at all times.

·Always being cheerful when caring for patients.

·Trying to see things from the other person's point of view.

·Being trustworthy at all timeskeeping information regarding patients and co-workers confidential.

·Asking for clarification if I do not understand directions or instructions.

·Being careful, alert and exact in following orders and instructions.

·Showing respect and dignity to the patient at all times; alsoto supervisors and co-workers.

·Being courteous at all times.

·Being honest in reporting amount and kind of care given to patient.

·My willingness to help and work with others.

·Being self aware of my our feelings, strengths and weaknesses.

I know that the field of nursing not only deals with the psysical needs of a patient but psychological, social, and spiritual needs as well. I will make every effort to promote psysical and psychological comfort.

I realize that the career in nursing will involve many hours of study and commitment. I am willing and look forward to learing all the aspects of such a diverse field of study. I feel that this field of study will enable me to fulfill my desire to be of help to others. My decision to become a nurse was inspired by the fact that I can fulfill a need that will always be hrerwhether in the hospital setting, nursing facilities or others. I am willing to work extra shifts or other shifts as needed.

In wanting to become a nurse, I realize that I am caring for patients 's lives every day and that I will be depened on to be the very best. I will commit myself to being the very best that I can be.

Nurses have a huge impact and can make significant differences in the delivery of America's health system.Educating the community of the functions of nursing, asrequiring a balance of complex skills, including an accurate understanding of science and technology, customer service, critical thinking, advocacy, decision-making, managing, communicating and creative problems-solving, is paramount to its healthy survival. Opportunities in nursing are ever increasing within the areas of clinical practice, research, education, management and business.No other profession has the ability to branch off into various pathways and still remain true to the nursing philosophical mantra of making a difference in health care and improving the lives of others.Nurses have a huge impact and can make significant differences in the delivery of America's health system.Educating the community of the functions of nursing, asrequiring a balance of complex skills, including an accurate understanding of science and technology, customer service, critical thinking, advocacy, decision-making, managing, communicating and creative problems-solving, is paramount to its healthy survival. Opportunities in nursing are ever increasing within the areas of clinical practice, research, education, management and business.No other profession has the ability to branch off into various pathways and still remain true to the nursing philosophical mantra of making a difference in health care and improving the lives of others.

Nurses have a huge impact and can make significant differences in the delivery of America's health system.Educating the community of the functions of nursing, asrequiring a balance of complex skills, including an accurate understanding of science and technology, customer service, critical thinking, advocacy, decision-making, managing, communicating and creative problems-solving, is paramount to its healthy survival. Opportunities in nursing are ever increasing within the areas of clinical practice, research, education, management and business.No other profession has the ability to branch off into various pathways and still remain true to the nursing philosophical mantra of making a difference in health care and improving the lives of others.

Please note that this sample paper on I want to become a nurse is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on I want to become a nurse, we are here to assist you.Your cheap college paperson I want to become a nurse will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment fromcheap custom writing serviceand you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!